The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes and Queries, Number 221, January 21, 1854

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Notes and Queries, Number 221, January 21, 1854

Author: Various

Release date: February 4, 2013 [eBook #42001]
Most recently updated: October 23, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian
Libraries)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 221, JANUARY 21, 1854 ***

NOTES AND QUERIES:

A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, GENEALOGISTS, ETC.

"When found, make a note of."—Captain Cuttle.

No. 221.
Saturday, January 21. 1854.
With Index, price 10d.
Stamped Edition 11d.

CONTENTS.

NOTES:—
Page

A Plea for the City Churches, by the Rev. R. Hooper
51

Echo Poetry
51

Ambiguity in Public Writing
52

A Carol of the Kings
53

Sir W. Scott and Sir W. Napier
53

Minor Notes:—Sign of Rain—Communications with Iceland—Starvation, an Americanism—Strange Epitaphs
53

Queries:—

Buonaparte's Abdication
54

Death Warnings in Ancient Families
55

The Scarlet Regimentals of the English Army
55

Minor Queries:—Berkhampstead Records—"The secunde personne of the Trinetee"—St. John's, Oxford, and Emmanuel, Cambridge—"Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre"—Prelate quoted in Procopius—The Alibenistic Order of Freemasons—Saying respecting Ancient History—An Apology for not speaking the Truth—Sir John Morant—Portrait of Plowden—Temperature of Cathedrals—Dr. Eleazar Duncon—The Duke of Buckingham—Charles Watson—Early (German) coloured Engravings
56

Minor Queries with Answers:—History of M. Oufle—Lysons' MSS.—"Luke's Iron Crown"—"Horam coram Dago"
57

Replies:—

Hoby Family, by Lord Braybrooke
58

Poetical Tavern Signs
58

Translation from Sheridan, &c.
59

Florins and the Royal Arms
59

Chronograms, by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simpson
60

Oaths, by James F. Ferguson
61

Photographic Correspondence:—Splitting Paper for Photographic Purposes—Curling of Iodized Paper—How the Glass Rod is used
61

Replies to Minor Queries:—Wooden Tombs and Effigies—Epitaph On Politician—Defoe's Quotation from Baxter on Apparitions—Barrels Regiment—Sneezing—Does "Wurm," in modern German, ever mean Serpent?—Longfellow's Reaper and the Flowers—Charge of Plagiarism against Paley—Tin—John Waugh—Rev. Joshua Brooks—Hour-glass Stand—Teeth Superstition—Dog-whipping Day in Hull—Mousehunt—St. Paul's School Library—German Tree—Derivation of the Word "Cash"
62

Miscellaneous:—

Notes on Books, &c.
66

Books and Odd Volumes Wanted
66

Notices to Correspondents
67

A CATALOGUE of CURIOUS and ENTERTAINING BOOKS, just Published by J. CROZIER, 5. New Turnstile, Holborn, near Lincoln's Inn Fields.

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION.

THE VIEWS EXHIBITED by RUSSELL SEDGFIELD may be obtained of MR. S. HIGHLEY, 32. Fleet Street; and also of the Artist, 8. Willow Cottages, Canonbury. Price 3s. each.

London: SAMUEL HIGHLEY, 32. Fleet Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.—THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS AND DAGUERREOTYPES is now open at the Gallery of the Society of British Artists, Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, in the Morning from 10 A.M. to half past 4 P.M., and in the Evening from 7 to 10 P.M. Admission 1s. Catalogue 6d.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.—An EXHIBITION of PICTURES, by the most celebrated French, Italian, and English Photographers, embracing Views of the principal Countries and Cities of Europe, is now OPEN. Admission 6d. A Portrait taken by MR. TALBOT'S Patent Process, One Guinea; Three extra Copies for 10s.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 168. NEW BOND STREET.

SCIENTIFIC RECREATION FOR YOUTH—EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY.

AMUSEMENT FOR LONG EVENINGS, by means of STATHAM'S Chemical Cabinets and Portable Laboratories, 5s. 6d., 7s. 6d., 10s. 6d., 21s., 31s. 6d., 42s., 63s., and upwards. Book of Experiments, 6d. "Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue" forwarded Free for Stamp.

WILLIAM E. STATHAM, Operative Chemist, 29c. Rotherfield Street, Islington, London, and of Chemists and Opticians everywhere.

ALLEN'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE, containing Size, Price and Description of upwards of 100 articles consisting of

PORTMANTEAUS, TRAVELLING-BAGS

Ladies' Portmanteaus,

DESPATCH-BOXES, WRITING-DESKS, DRESSING-CASES and other travelling requisites, Gratis on application or sent free by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

MESSRS. ALLEN'S registered Despatch-box and Writing-desk, their Travelling-bag with the opening as large as the bag, and the new Portmanteau containing four compartments, are undoubtedly the best articles of the kind ever produced.

J. W. & T. ALLEN, 18. & 22. West Strand.

FOLIOUS APPEARANCES, a Consideration upon our Way of Lettering Books, 1s.; by Post for 18 Stamps.

JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36. Soho Square.

Just published, to be continued Monthly, No. I., price 2s. 6d., of

THE AUTOGRAPH MISCELLANY. A Collection of Interesting Letters of Eminent and Distinguished Characters: with curious Public and Historical Documents, English and Foreign, executed in Lithograph Fac-simile. Selected from the British Museum, and from other sources, Public and Private.

London: F. NETHERCLIFT & DURLACHER, Lithographers and General Printers, 18. Brewer Street, Golden Square.

DR. CROMBIE'S ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

THE ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Explained and Illustrated. By the REV. A. CROMBIE, LL.D., F.R.S., M.R.S.L., and F.Z.S. Seventh Edition, 8vo., 7s. 6d. cloth, lettered.

By the same Author,

GYMNASIUM; sive Symbola Critica, Abridged. Intended to assist the Classical Student in his endeavours to attain a correct Latin Prose Style. By the REV. ALEXANDER CROMBIE, LL.D., F.R.S., &c. Fifth Edition. 12mo., 6s. cloth.

THE GYMNASIUM, complete. Sixth Edition, corrected and enlarged. 2 vols. 8vo., 1l. 1s. cloth.

CLAVIS GYMNASII. Sixth Edition. 8vo., 6s. cloth.

London: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO.

CRABB'S ENGLISH SYNONYMES.

ENGLISH SYNONYMES EXPLAINED; in Alphabetical Order: with Copious Illustrations and Examples, drawn from the Best Writers. To which is added, an Index to the Words. By GEORGE CRABB, A.M. Ninth Edition, greatly improved. 8vo. 15s. cloth.

London: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO.

THE THIRD VOLUME OF THE CHEAP RE-ISSUE OF EVELYN'S DIARY AND CORRESPONDENCE, is just published. To be completed in one more volume, price 6s. bound.

The subscribers to the former edition of EVELYN'S DIARY, who have not completed their sets, have now the opportunity of being supplied with the concluding volumes (III. and IV.) at the same price as the present edition, namely, 6s. per volume.

Published for HENRY COLBURN, by his successors, HURST & BLACKETT, 13. Great Marlborough Street.

Just published, Nos. I. to III., each One Penny, and Part I., price Fivepence, of

THE MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART. A Miscellany of instructive and amusing Tracts on the Physical Sciences, and on their application to the uses of Life. Edited by DR. LARDNER.

This work will be published at One Penny, in weekly numbers of sixteen pages, large 12mo., printed on good paper, in a clear type, and illustrated, when necessary, by engravings on wood; also in Monthly Parts, price 5d. in a wrapper; and in Quarterly Volumes, neatly bound, price 1s. 6d.

The following Subjects will form Early Numbers of the Work:

The Planets: are they Inhabited Globes?

Weather Prognostics.

Popular Fallacies.

The Sun and Moon.

Latitudes and Longitudes.

The Tides.

Locomotion by Land and Water in the United States.

The Electric Telegraph.

Lunar Influences.

Cometary Influences.

Eclipses.

Meteoric Stones and Shooting Stars.

Steam Power.

The Eye and Sight.

The Ear and Hearing.

Thunder and Lightning.

Light.

The Obsolete Elements,—Air, Earth, Fire, and Water.

Anecdotes of the Arts.—No. 1. The Potter's Art.

London: WALTON & MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row.

Just published, No. VI., 8vo., price 4s., 5 plates,

QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE: including the Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London: edited by E. LANKESTER, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., and G. BUSK, F.R.C.S.E., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Contains: PROFESSOR QUEKETT'S important Paper on the MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION of the TORBANEHILL MINERAL, and its DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS from COAL.

London: SAMUEL HIGHLEY, 32. Fleet Street.

Just published, No. IV. (New Series), 8vo. Woodcuts. 1s.

THE CHEMIST. A Monthly Journal of Chemical and Physical Science. Edited by JOHN & CHARLES WATT, Assisted in Analytical Chemistry by Wm. Herepath, F.C.S., and T. J. Herepath; Industrial Chemistry, by Lewis Thomson, F.C.S.; Mineralogy, by Samuel Highley, F.G.S.; Pharmacy, by Denham Smith, F.C.S.; Photography, by T. A. Malone, F.C.S.; Electro-metallurgy, by Alexander Watt; Physics, by Charles Heisch, F.C.S.; Public Health, by J. Neville Warren, C.E.

London: SAMUEL HIGHLEY, 32. Fleet Street.

Just published, No. II., 8vo., price 6d.

THE ASYLUM JOURNAL. Published by Authority of the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane. Edited by DR. BUCKNILL, Devon County Asylum. Published every Six Weeks.

London: SAMUEL HIGHLEY, 32. Fleet Street.

PHYSIOGNOMY OF INSANITY.—A Series of Photographic Portraits from the Life.

By Dr. HUGH W. DIAMOND, F.S.A.,

with brief Medical Notes. To be published in occasional Parts, small quarto.

S. HIGHLEY, 32. Fleet Street.

BUTLER'S SCHOOL ATLASES AND GEOGRAPHY:

New and thoroughly revised Editions, enlarged and corrected to the Present Time, and edited by the Author's Son, the REV. THOMAS BUTLER, Rector of Langar.

A JUNIOR ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY: comprising 12 full-coloured Maps, selected from Bishop Butler's "Modern Atlas." Royal 8vo., price 4s. 6d. half-bound.

A JUNIOR ATLAS OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY: comprising 10 full-coloured Maps, selected from Bishop Butler's "Ancient Atlas." Royal 8vo., price 4s. 6d. half-bound.

BUTLER'S ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. Enlarged to 28 full-coloured Maps; with a Complete Index. Royal 8vo., price 12s. half-bound.

BUTLER'S ATLAS OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. Enlarged to 23 full-coloured Maps; with a Complete Index. Royal 8vo., price 12s. half-bound.

BUTLER'S GEOGRAPHICAL COPY-BOOKS, or MAP PROJECTIONS, Ancient and Modern. Oblong 4to., price 4s. each Set; or 7s. 6d. together.

BUTLER'S GENERAL ATLAS of ANCIENT and MODERN GEOGRAPHY. Enlarged to 51 full-coloured Maps; with Indexes. Royal 4to., price 24s. half-bound.

BUTLER'S SKETCH OF MODERN and ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY: revised and corrected in both Parts from the best Authorities. 8vo., price 9s. cloth.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN & LONGMANS.

The Fifth Edition, in fcap. 8vo., price 6s.

THE POWER OF THE SOUL OVER THE BODY, considered in relation to Health and Morals. By GEORGE MOORE, M.D., Member of the Royal College of Physicians.

By the same Author,

THE USE OF THE BODY IN RELATION TO THE MIND. The Third Edition, fcap. 8vo., price 6s.

MAN AND HIS MOTIVES. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo., 6s.

HEALTH, DISEASE, AND REMEDY. Post 8vo., 7s. 6d.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.

The 16th Edition, corrected and extended, with the Statutes and Legal Decisions to Hilary Term, 16 & 17 Victoria; in fcap. 8vo., price 10s. 6d.

THE CABINET LAWYER: A Popular Digest of the Laws of England. The SUPPLEMENT, comprising the Public Acts of the Session 1853, separately, price 1s.

Uniform with the above, price 10s. 6d.; or calf lettered, 13s.,

THE CABINET GAZETTEER: A Popular Exposition of all the Countries of the World. By the same Author.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.

The Second Edition, in square crown 8vo., with 11 Etchings by the Author, and 88 Woodcuts, price 28s.

LEGENDS of the MONASTIC ORDERS, as represented in the Fine Arts. Forming the Second Series of "Sacred and Legendary Art." By MRS. JAMESON.

In the same Series, price 28s. each,

LEGENDS of the MADONNA; and—

LEGENDS of the SAINTS and MARTYRS.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.

Just published, in One Volume, medium 8vo., price 14s.

THESAURUS OF ENGLISH WORDS AND PHRASES, classified and arranged so as to facilitate the Expression of Ideas, and assist in Literary Composition. By P. M. ROGET, M.D., F.R.S. Second Edition.

*** Several thousand Words and Phrases, not contained in the First Edition, have now been added; many improvements have been made in the arrangement of the expressions; and the whole Work has undergone careful revision with the view of increasing its general utility.

London: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.

WILLIAM SKEFFINGTON, Bookseller and Publisher, respectfully informs his friends and the public that he has REMOVED his BUSINESS from 192. to 163. Piccadilly, opposite Bond Street.

The Bishop of Lincoln's LENT LECTURES. Seventh Edition, small 8vo., 3s. 6d., by post, 4s.

THE SINFULNESS of LITTLE SINS. By JOHN JACKSON, D.D., Lord Bishop of Lincoln.

By the same Author,

REPENTANCE: its Necessity, Nature, and Aids. Third Edition, 2s. 6d., by post, 4s.

CHILCOT ON EVIL THOUGHTS: with Rules for their Restraint and Suppression. Edited by the Rev. Richard Hooper. M.A., Curate of St. Stephen's, Westminster, and Assistant Hospitaller of St. Thomas's. Southwark. This day, new edition, 18mo., 2s. 6d., by post, 3s.

"A very admirable work."—Guardian.

London: WILLIAM SKEFFINGTON, 163. Piccadilly.

THE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE FOR JANUARY (being the First Part of a new Volume) contains the following articles:—1. The Princess (afterwards Queen) Elizabeth a Prisoner at Woodstock. 2. On supposed Apparitions of the Virgin Mary; and particularly at La Salette. 3. Sir Walter Raleigh at Sherborne. 4. Manners and Morals of the University of Cambridge during the last Century. 5. English Sketches by Foreign Artists—Max Schlesinger's Saunterings in and about London. 6. Richard Baxter's Pulpit at Kidderminster (with a Plate). 7. Cambridge Improvements, 1853. 8. The Toxaris of Lucian. Correspondence of Sylvanus Urban: English Physicians in Russia—Knights Banneret—Sir Constantine Phipps and Sir William Phips.—Diaries of Dr. Stukeley, &c. With Notes of the Month; Historical and Miscellaneous Reviews; Reports of Antiquarian and Literary Societies; Historical Chronicle; and Obituary, including Memoirs of the Queen of Portugal, the Duke of Beaufort, the Countess of Newburgh, Lord Cloncurry, Rear-Adm. Pasco, Bickham Escott, Esq., Wm. Gardiner. Esq., Mrs. Opie, Mr. Jas. Trubshaw, C.E., Mr. Samuel Williams, &c. &c. Price 2s. 6d.

NICHOLS & SONS, 25. Parliament Street.

LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 21, 1854.

Notes.

A PLEA FOR THE CITY CHURCHES.

When a bachelor is found wandering about, he cares not whither, your fair readers (for doubtless such a "dealer in curiosities" as you are has many of that sex who, however unjustly, have the credit of the "curious" bump) will naturally exclaim "he must be in love," or "something horrible has happened to him." Let us, however, disappoint them by assuring them we shall keep our own counsel. If the former be the cause, green lanes and meandering streams would suit his case better than Gracechurch Street, London, with the thermometer five or six degrees below freezing point, and the snow (!) the colour and consistency of chocolate. Such a situation, however, was ours, when our friend the Incumbent of Holy Trinity, Minories, accosted us. He was going to his church; would we accompany him? We would have gone to New Zealand with him, if he had asked us, at that moment. The locale of the Minories was nearly as unknown to us as the aforesaid flourishing colony. On entering the church (which will not repay an architectural zealot), while our friend was extracting a burial register, our eye fell on an old monument or two. There was a goodly Sir John Pelham, who had been cruelly cut down by the hand of death in 1580, looking gravely at his sweet spouse, a dame of the noble house of Bletsoe. Behind him is kneeling his little son and heir Oliver, whom, as the inscription informs us, "Death enforced to follow fast" his papa, as he died in 1584.

And there was a stately monument of the first Lord Dartmouth, a magnanimous hero, and Master of the Ordnance to Charles II. and his renegade brother. We were informed that a gentlemen in the vestry had come for the certificate of the burial of Viscount Lewisham, who died some thirty years ago; that the Legge family were all buried here; that after having dignified the aristocratic parish of St. George, Hanover Square, and the salons of May Fair, during life, they were content to lie quietly in the Minories! Does not the high blood of the "city merchant" of the present clay, of the "gentleman" of the Stock Exchange, curdle at the thought? Yes, there lie many a noble heart, many a once beautiful face but we must now-a-days, forsooth, forget the City as soon as we have made our money in its dirty alleys. To lie there after death! pooh, the thought is absurd. (Thanks to Lord Palmerston, we have no option now.)

Well, we were then asked by the worthy Incumbent, "Would you not like to see my head?" Did he take us for a Lavater or a Spurzheim? However, we were not left in suspense long, for out of the muniment closet was produced a tin box; we thought of Reading biscuits, but we were undeceived shortly. Taken out carefully and gently, was produced a human head! No mere skull, but a perfect human head! Alas! its wearer had lost it in an untimely hour. Start not, fair reader! we often lose our heads and hearts too, but not, we hope, in the mode our poor friend did. It was clear a choice had been given to him, but it was a Hobson's choice. He had been axed whether he would or no! He had been decapitated! We were told that now ghastly head had once been filled with many an anxious, and perhaps happy, thought. It had had right royal ideas. It was said to be the head of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, the father of the sweet Lady Jane Grey. We could muse and moralise; but Captain Cuttle cuts us short, "When found, make a Note of it." We found it then there, Sir; will you make the Note? The good captain does not like to be prolix. Has his esteemed old relative, Sylvanus Urban (many happy new years to him!), made the note before?

We came away, shall we say better in mind? Yes, said we, a walk in the City may be as instructive, and as good a cure for melancholy, as the charming country. An old city church can tell its tale, and a good one too. We thought of those quaint old monuments, handed down from older churches 'tis true, but still over the slumbering ashes of our forefathers; and when the thought of the destroying hand that hung over them arose amid many associations, the Bard of Avon's fearful monumental denunciation came to our aid:

"Blest be the man that spares these stones,

And curst be he that moves these bones."

Richard Hooper.

St. Stephen's, Westminster.

ECHO POETRY.

"A Dialogue between a Glutton and Echo.

Gl. My belly I do deifie.

Echo. Fie.

Gl. Who curbs his appetite's a fool.

Echo. Ah fool!

Gl. I do not like this abstinence.

Echo. Hence.

Gl. My joy's a feast, my wish is wine.

Echo. Swine!

Gl. We epicures are happie truly.

Echo. You lie.

Gl. Who's that which giveth me the lie?

Echo. I.

Gl. What? Echo, thou that mock'st a voice?

Echo. A voice.

Gl. May I not, Echo, eat my fill?

Echo. Ill.

Gl. Will't hurt me if I drink too much?

Echo. Much.

Gl. Thou Mock'st me, Nymph; I'll not believe it.

Echo. Believe't.

Gl. Dost thou condemn then what I do?

Echo. I do.

Gl. I grant it doth exhaust the purse.

Echo. Worse.

Gl. Is't this which dulls the sharpest wit?

Echo. Best wit.

Gl. Is't this which brings infirmities?

Echo. It is.

Gl. Whither will't bring my soul? canst tell?

Echo. T' hell.

Gl. Dost thou no gluttons virtuous know?

Echo. No.

Gl. Wouldst have me temperate till I die?

Echo. I.

Gl. Shall I therein finde ease and pleasure?

Echo. Yea sure.

Gl. But is't a thing which profit brings?

Echo. It brings.

Gl. To minde or bodie? or to both?

Echo. To both.

Gl. Will it my life on earth prolong?

Echo. O long!

Gl. Will it make me vigorous until death?

Echo. Till death.

Gl. Will't bring me to eternall blisse?

Echo. Yes.

Gl. Then, sweetest Temperance, I'll love thee.

Echo. I love thee.

Gl. Then, swinish Gluttonie, I'll leave thee.

Echo. I'll leave thee.

Gl. I'll be a belly god no more.

Echo. No more.

Gl. If all be true which thou dost tell, They who fare sparingly fare well.

Echo. Farewell.

"S. J."

"Hygiasticon: or the right Course of preserving Life and Health unto extream old Age: together with soundnesse and integritie of the Senses, Judgement, and Memorie. Written in Latine by Leonard Lessius, and now done into English. 24mo. Cambridge, 1634."

I send the above poem, and title of the work it is copied from, in the hope it may interest those of your correspondents who have lately been turning their attention to this style of composition.

H. B.

Warwick.

AMBIGUITY IN PUBLIC WRITING.

In Brenan's Composition and Punctuation, published by Wilson, Royal Exchange, he strongly condemns the one and the other, as used for the former and the latter, or the first and the last. The understood rule is, that the one refers to the nearest or latter person or thing mentioned, and the other to the farthest or former; and if that were strictly adhered to, no objection could be raised. But I have found, from careful observation for two or three years past, that some of our standard writers reverse the rule, and use the one for the former, and the other for the latter, by which I have often been completely puzzled to know what they meant in cases of importance. Now, since there is not the slightest chance of unanimity here, I think the author is right in condemning their referential usage altogether. A French grammarian says, "Ce qui n'est pas clair n'est pas Français;" but though French is far from having no ambiguities, he showed that he fully appreciated what ought to be the proudest boast of any language, clearness. There is a notable want of it on the marble tablet under the portico of St. Paul's, Covent Gardens, which says:

"The church of this parish having been destroyed by fire on the 17th day of September, A.D. 1795, was rebuilt, and opened for divine service on the 1st day of August, A.D. 1798."

The writer, no doubt, congratulated himself on avoiding the then common error, in similar cases, of "This church having," &c.; for that asserted, that the very building we were looking at was burned down! But in eschewing one manifest blunder, he fell into ambiguity, and inconclusiveness equally reprehensible. For, as it never was imperative that a parish church should be always confined to a particular spot, we are left in doubt as to where the former one stood; nor, indeed, are we told whether the present building is the parish church. Better thus: "The church of this parish, which stood on the present site, having," &c.

Even with this change another seems necessary, for we should then be virtually informed, as we are now, that the church was rebuilt, and opened for divine service, in one day![1] Such is the care requisite, when attempting comprehensive brevity, for the simplest historical record intended to go down to posterity. It is no answer to say, that every one apprehends what the inscription means, for that would sanction all kinds of obscurity and blunders. When Paddy tells us of wooden panes of glass and mile-stones; of dividing a thing into three halves; of backing a carriage straight forwards, or of a dismal solitude where nothing could be heard but silence, we all perfectly understand what he means, while we laugh at his unconscious union of sheer impossibilities.

Clarus.

Footnote 1:(return)

The following arrangement, which only slightly alters the text, corrects the main defects: "The church of this parish, which stood on the present site, was destroyed by fire on [date] and, having been rebuilt, was opened for divine service on [date]."

A CAROL OF THE KINGS.

According to one legend, the three sons of Noah were raised from the dead to represent all mankind at Bethlehem. According to another, they slept a deep sleep in a cavern on Ararat until Messias was born, and then an angel aroused and showed them The Southern Cross, then first created to be the beacon of their way.

When the starry signal had fulfilled its office it went on, journeying towards the south, until it reached its place to bend above The Peaceful Sea in memorial of the Child Jesu.

I.

Three ancient men, in Bethlehem's cave,

With awful wonder stand:

A Voice had call'd them from their grave

In some far Eastern land!

II.

They lived: they trod the former earth,

When the old waters swell'd:—

The ark, that womb of second birth,

Their house and lineage held!

III.

Pale Japhet bows the knee with gold;

Bright Shem sweet incense brings:

And Ham—the myrrh his fingers hold—

Lo! the Three Orient Kings!

IV.

Types of the total earth, they hail'd

The signal's starry frame:—

Shuddering with second life, they quail'd

At the Child Jesu's name!

V.

Then slow the patriarchs turn'd and trod,

And this their parting sigh—

"Our eyes have seen the living God,

And now, once more to die!"

H. of M.

SIR W. SCOTT AND SIR W. NAPIER.

Some short time ago there appeared in The Times certain letters relative to a song of Sir Walter Scott in disparagement of Fox, said to have been sung at the dinner given in Edinburgh on the acquittal of Viscount Melville. In one letter, signed "W. Napier," it is asserted, on the authority of a lady, that Scott sang the song, which gave great offence to the Whig party at the time.

Now, I must take the liberty of declaring this assertion to be incorrect. I had the honour of knowing pretty intimately Sir Walter from the year 1817 down to the period of his departure for the Continent. I have been present at many convivial meetings with him, and conversed with him times without number, and he has repeatedly declared that, although fond of music, he could not sing from his boyhood, and could not even hum a tune so as to be intelligible to a listener. The idea, therefore, of his making such a public exhibition of himself as to sing at a public meeting, is preposterous.

But in the next place the cotemporary evidence on the subject is conclusive. An account of the dinner was published in the Courant newspaper, and it is there stated "that one song was sung, the poetry of which was said to come from the muse of 'the last lay,' and was sung with admirable effect by the proprietor of the Ballantyne Press."

It is perhaps unnecessary to explain that the singer was the late John Ballantyne, and I have my doubts if the song referred to in the controversy was the one sung upon the occasion. This, however, is merely a speculation arising from the fact, that this was a song not included in Sir Walter Scott's works, which upon the very highest authority I have been informed was sung there, but of which Lord Ellenborough, and not Charles Fox, was the hero. It is entitled "Justice Law," and is highly laudatory of the Archbishop of Canterbury. It has been printed in the Supplement to the Court of Session Garland, p. 10., and the concluding verse is as follows:

"Then here's to the prelate of wisdom and fame,

Tho' true Presbyterians we'll drink to his name;

Long, long, may he live to teach prejudice awe,

And since Melville's got justice, the devil take law."

Again I repeat this conjecture may be erroneous; but that Sir Walter never sung any song at all at the meeting is, I think, beyond dispute.

J. M.

Minor Notes.

Sign of Rain.—Not far from Weobley, co. Hereford, is a high hill, on the top of which is a clump of trees called "Ladylift Clump," and thus named in the Ordnance map: it is a proverbial expression in the surrounding neighbourhood, that when this clump is obscured with clouds, wet weather soon follows, connected with which, many years since I met with the following lines, which may prove interesting to many of your readers:

"When Ladie Lift

Puts on her shift,

Shee feares a downright raine;

But when she doffs it, you will finde

The raine is o'er, and still the winde,

And Phœbus Sloane againe."

What is the origin of this name having been given to the said clump of trees?

J. B. Whitborne.

Communications with Iceland.—In the summer of 1851 I directed attention to the communications with Iceland. I am just informed that the Danish government will send a war steamer twice next summer to the Faroe Islands and to Iceland, calling at Leith both ways for passengers. The times of sailing will probably be announced towards spring in the public prints. This opportunity of visiting that strange and remarkable island in so advantageous a manner is worthy of notice, as desirable modes of getting there very rarely occur.

The observing traveller, in addition to the wonders of nature, should not fail to note there the social and physical condition, and diseases of the inhabitants. He will there find still lingering, fostered by dirt, bad food, and a squalid way of living, the true leprosy (in Icelandic, spetalska) which prevailed throughout Europe in the Middle Ages and which now survives only there, in Norway, and in some secluded districts in central and southern Europe. He will also note the remarkable exemption of the Icelanders from pulmonary consumption; a fact which seems extraordinary, considering the extreme dampness, inclemency, and variability of the climate. But the consumptive tendency is always found to cease north of a certain parallel of latitude.

Wm. E. C. Nourse.

8. Burwood Place, Hyde Park.

Starvation, an Americanism.—Strange as it may appear, it is nevertheless quite true that this word, now unhappily so common on every tongue, as representing the condition of so many of the sons and daughters of the sister lands of Great Britain and Ireland, is not to be found in our own English dictionaries; neither in Todd's Johnson, published in 1826, nor in Richardson's, published ten years later, nor in Smart's—Walker remodelled—published about the same time as Richardson's. It is Webster who has the credit of importing it from his country into this; and in a supplement issued a few years ago, Mr. Smart adopted it as "a trivial word, but in very common, and at present good use."

What a lesson might Mr. Trench read us, that it should be so!

Our older poets, to the time of Dryden, used the compound "hunger-starved." We now say starved with cold. Chaucer speaks of Christ as "He that starf for our redemption," of Creseide "which well nigh starf for feare;" Spenser, of arms "which doe men in bale to sterve." (See Starve in Richardson.) In the Pardoneres Tale, v. 12799:

"Ye (yea), sterve he shall, and that in lesse while

Than thou wilt gon a pas not but a mile;

This poison is so strong and violent."

And again, v. 12822:

"It happed him

To take the botelle there the poison was,

And dronke; and gave his felau drinke also

For which anone they storven bothe two."

Mr. Tyrwhit explains, "to die, to perish" and the general meaning of the word was, "to die, or cause to die, to perish, to destroy."

Q.

Strange Epitaphs.-The following combined "bull" and epitaph may amuse your readers. I copied it in April, 1850, whilst on an excursion to explore the gigantic tumuli of New Grange, Dowth, &c.

Passing through the village of Monknewtown, about four miles from Drogheda, I entered a burial-ground surrounding the ivy-clad ruins of a chapel. In the midst of a group of dozen or more tombstones, some very old, all bearing the name of "Kelly," was a modern upright slab, well executed, inscribed,—

"Erected by Patrick Kelly,

Of the Town of Drogheda, Mariner,

In Memory of his Posterity."

———

"Also the above Patrick Kelly,

Who departed this Life the 12th August, 1844,

Aged 60 years.

Requiescat in Pace."

I gave a copy of this to a friend residing at Llanbeblig, Carnarvonshire, who forwarded me the annexed from a tombstone in the parish churchyard there:

"Of such is the Kingdom of Heaven.

Here lie the Remains of Thomas Chambers,

Dancing Master;

Whose genteel address and assiduity

in Teaching,

Recommended him to all that had the

Pleasure of his acquaintance.

He died June 13, 1765,

Aged 31."

R. H. B.

Bath.

Queries.

BUONAPARTE'S ABDICATION.

A gentleman living in the neighbourhood of London bought a table five or six years ago at Wilkinson's, an old established upholsterer on Ludgate Hill.

In a concealed part of the leg of the table he found a brass plate, on which was the following inscription:

"Le Cinq d'Avril, dix-huit cent quatorze, Napoléon Buonaparte signa son abdication sur cette table dans le cabinet de travail du Roi, le 2me après la chambre à coucher, à Fontainebleau."

The people at Wilkinson's could give no account of the table: they said it had been a long time in the shop; they did not remember of whom it had been bought, and were surprised when the brass plate was pointed out to them.

The table is a round one, and rather pretty looking, about two feet and a half in diameter, and supported on one leg. It does not look like a table used for writing, but rather resembles a lady's work-table. The wood with which it is veneered has something the appearance of beef wood.

Wilkinson's shop does not now exist: he used to deal in curiosities, and was employed as an auctioneer.

The gentleman who bought this table is desirous of ascertaining at what time the table still shown at Fontainebleau, as that on which the abdication was signed, was first exhibited: whether immediately after the restoration of the Bourbons, or later, in consequence of a demand for shows of that sort? Whether it is a fact that the Bourbons turned out the imperial furniture from Fontainebleau and other palaces after their return?

The date, "cinq d'Avril," is wrong; the abdication was signed on the 4th. This error, however, leads one to suspect that the table is genuine: as any one preparing a sham table should have been careful in referring to printed documents. From the tenor of the inscription, we may infer that it is the work of a Royalist.

The Marshals present with Napoleon when he signed his abdication were Ney, Oudinot, and Lefevre; and perhaps Caulincourt.

A Cantab.

University Club.

DEATH WARNINGS IN ANCIENT FAMILIES.

I marvel much that none of your contributors in this line have touched upon a very interesting branch of legendary family folk lore, namely, the supernatural appearances, and other circumstances of a ghostly nature, that are said to invariably precede a death in many time-honoured families of the united kingdoms.

We have all heard of the mysterious "White Ladye," that heralds the approach of death, or dire calamity, to the royal house of Hohenzollern. In like manner, the apparition of two gigantic owls upon the battlements of Wardour is said to give sad warning to the noble race of Arundel. The ancient Catholic family of Middleton have the same fatal announcement made to them by the spectral visitation of a Benedictine nun; while a Cheshire house of note, I believe, that of Brereton, are prepared for the last sad hour by the appearance of large trunks of trees floating in a lake in the immediate vicinity of their family mansion. To two families of venerable antiquity, and both, if I remember right, of the county of Lancashire, the approaching death of a relative is made known in one case by loud and continued knockings at the hall door at the solemn hour of midnight; and in the other, by strains of wild and unearthly music floating in the air.

The "Banshee," well known in Ireland, and in the highlands of Scotland, is, I believe, attached exclusively to families of Celtic origin, and is never heard of below the Grampian range; although the ancient border house of Kirkpatrick of Closeburn (of Celtic blood by the way) is said to be attended by a familiar of this kind.

Again, many old manor-houses are known to have been haunted by a friendly, good-natured sprite, ycelpt a "Brownie," whose constant care it was to save the household domestics as much trouble as possible, by doing all their drudgery for them during the silent hours of repose. Who has not heard, for instance, of the "Boy of Hilton?" Of this kindly race, I have no doubt, many interesting anecdotes might be rescued from the dust of time and oblivion, and preserved for us in the pages of "N. & Q."

I hope that the hints I have ventured to throw out may induce some of your talented contributors to follow up the subject.

John o' the Ford.

Malta.

THE SCARLET REGIMENTALS OF THE ENGLISH ARMY.

When was the English soldier first dressed in red? It has been said the yeomen of the guard (vulgo Beef-eaters) were the company which originally wore that coloured uniform; but, seventy years before they were established, viz. temp. Henry V., it appears the military uniform of his army was red:

"Rex vestit suos rubro, et parat transire in Normaniam."—Archæolog. Soc. Antiquar., Lond., vol. xxi. p. 292.

William III. not only preferred that colour, but he thought it degrading to the dignity of his soldiers that the colour should be adopted for the dress of any inferior class of persons; and there is an order now extant, signed by Henry, sixths Duke of Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, dated Dec. 20, 1698,

"Forbidding any persons to use for their liveries scarlet or red cloth, or stuff; except his Majesty's servants and guards, and those belonging to the royal family or foreign Misters."

William IV., who had as much of true old English feeling as any monarch who ever swayed the English sceptre, ordered scarlet to be the universal colour of our Light Dragoons; but two or three years afterwards he was prevailed upon, from some fancy of those about him, to return to the blue again. Still, it is well known that dressing our Light Dragoons in the colour prevailing with other nations has led to serious mistakes in time of action.

A.

Minor Queries.

Berkhampstead Records.—Where are the records of the now extinct corporation of Great Berkhampstead, co. Herts, incorporated 1618? And when did it cease to exercise corporate rights, and why?

J. K.

"The secunde personne of the Trinetee" (Vol. viii., p. 131.).—What does the "old English Homily" mean by "a womanne who was the secunde personne of the Trinetee?"

J. P. S.

St. John's, Oxford, and Emmanuel, Cambridge.—Can your readers give me any information respecting Thomas Collis, B.A., of St. John's College, Oxford, ordained priest by Richard (Reynolds), Bishop of Lincoln, at Buckden, 29th May, 1743? What church preferment did he hold, where did he die, and where was he buried?

Also of John Clendon, B.D., Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, who was presented to the vicarage of Brompton-Regis, Somerset, by his College, in or about the year 1752? His correspondence with the Fellows of Emmanuel is amusing, as giving an insight into the every-day life of Cambridge a century ago. You shall have a letter or two ere long as a specimen.

Thomas Collis.

Boston.

"Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre."—Some years ago, at a book-stall in Paris, I met with a work in one volume, being a dissertation in French on the origin and early history of the once popular song, "Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre." It seemed to contain much information of a curious and interesting character; and the author's name, if I remember rightly, is Blanchard. I have since made several attempts to discover the title of the book, with the view of procuring a copy of it, but without success. Can any of your readers assist me in this matter?

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

Prelate quoted in Procopius.—In the 25th note (a), chap. xl., of Gibbon's Decline and Fall, there is a quotation from Procopius. Can any of your readers conjecture who is meant by the "learned prelate now deceased," who was fond of quoting the said passage.

Σ.

The Alibenistic Order of Freemasons.—Can any of your readers, masonic or otherwise, inform me what is meant by this order of Freemasons? The work of Henry O'Brien of the Round Towers of Ireland is dedicated to them, and in his preface they are much eulogised.

H. W. D.

Saying respecting Ancient History.—In Niebuhr's Lectures on Ancient History, vol. i. p 355., I find—

"An ingenious man once said, 'It is thought that at length people will come to read ancient history as if it had really happened,' a remark which is really excellent."

Who was this "ingenious man"?

J. P.

An Apology for not speaking the Truth.—Can any of your correspondents kindly inform me where the German song can be found from which the following lines are taken?

"When first on earth the truth was born,

She crept into a hunting-horn;

The hunter came, the horn was blown,

But where truth went, was never known."

W. W.

Malta.

Sir John Morant.—In the fourth volume of Sir John Froissart's Chronicles, and in the tenth and other chapters, he mentions the name of a Sir John Morant, Knight, or Sir John of Chatel Morant, who lived in 1390-6. How can I find out his pedigree? or whether he is an ancestor of the Hampshire family of Morants, or of the Rev. Philip Morant?

H. H. M.

Malta.

Portrait of Plowden.—Is any portrait of Edmund Plowden the lawyer known to exist? and if so, where?

P. P. P.

Temperature of Cathedrals.—Can any of your readers favour me with a report from observation of the greatest and least heights of the thermometer in the course of a year, in one of our large cathedrals?

I am informed that Professor Phillips, in a geological work, has stated that the highest and lowest temperatures in York Minster occur about five weeks after the solstices; but it does not appear that the altitudes are named.

T.

Dr. Eleazar Duncon.—Dr. Eleazar Duncon was of Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, D.D., anno 1633, Rector of Houghton Regis same year, Chaplain to King Charles I., Prebendary of Durham. He is supposed to have died during the interregnum. Can any of your correspondents say when or where?

D. D.

The Duke of Buckingham.—Do the books of the Honorable Society of the Middle Temple disclose any particulars relating to a "scandalous letter," believed to have been written by "a Templar" to George Villiers, the Great Duke of Buckingham, in 1626, the year before his grace was assassinated by Felton; which letter was found by a servant of the inn in a Temple drinking-pot, by whom it was handed over to the then treasurer of the Society, Nicholas Hide, Esq.? and was the author of such scandalous letter ever discovered and prosecuted?

Cestriensis.

Charles Watson.—Can any of your readers give me any account of Charles Watson, of Hertford College, Oxford, author of poems, and Charles the First, a tragedy?

I believe a short memoir of this author was to have appeared in Blackwood's Magazine (the second volume, I think); it was never published, however.

A. Z.

Early (German) coloured Engravings.—I have six old coloured engravings, which I suppose to be part of a series, as they are numbered respectively 1, 2, 4, 11, 12, 14. They are mounted on panels; and on the back of each is a piece of vellum, on which some descriptive verses in old German have been written. The ink retains its blackness; but dirt, mildew, and ill usage have rendered nearly all the inscriptions illegible, and greatly damaged the pictures; yet, through the laborious colouring and the stains, good drawing and expression are visible. Perhaps a brief description may enable some of your readers to tell me whether they are known.

Nos. 1. and 11. are so nearly obliterated, that I will not attempt to describe them. No. 2. seems to be St. George attacking the dragon. The inscription is:

"Hier merke Sohn gar schnell und bald,

Von grausam schwartzen Thier im Wald."

No. 4. A stag and a unicorn:

"Man ist von Nöthin dass ihr wiszt,

Im Wald ein Hirsch und Eikhorn ist."

No. 12. An old man with wings, and a younger wearing a crown and sword. They are on the top of a mountain overlooking the sea. The sun is in the left corner, and the moon and stars on the right. The perspective is very good. Inscription obliterated.

No. 14. The same persons, and a king on his throne. The elder in the background; the younger looking into the king's mouth, which is opened to preternatural wideness:

"Sohn in dein Abwesen war ich tod,

Und mein Leben in grosser Noth;

Aber in dein Beysein thue ich leben,

Dein Widerkunfft mir Freudt thut geben."

The inscription is long, but of the rest only a word here and there is legible. Any information on this subject will oblige,

H.

Minor Queries with Answers.

History of M. Oufle.—Johnson, in his Life of Pope, says of the Memoirs of Scriblerus:

"The design cannot boast of much originality: for, besides its general resemblance to Don Quixote, there will be found in it particular imitations of the History of M. Oufle."

What is the History of M. Oufle?

L. M.

[The History of the Religious Extravagancies of Monsieur Oufle is a remarkable book, written by the Abbé Bordelon, and first published, we believe, at Amsterdam, in 2 vols., 1710. The Paris edition of 1754, in 2 vols., entitled L'Histoire des Imaginations Extavagantes de Monsieur Oufle, is the best, as it contains some curious illustrations. From the title-page we learn that the work was "Occasioned by the author having read books treating of magic, the black art, demoniacs, conjurors, witches, hobgoblins, incubuses, succubuses, and the diabolical Sabbath; of elves, fairies, wanton spirits, geniuses, spectres, and ghosts; of dreams, the philosopher's stone, judicial astrology, horoscopes, talismans, lucky and unlucky days, eclipses, comets, and all sorts of apparitions, divinations, charms, enchantments, and other superstitious practices; with notes containing a multitude of quotations out of those books which have either caused such extravagant imaginations, or may serve to cure them." If any of our readers should feel inclined to collect what we may term "A Diabolical Library," he has only to consult vol. i. ch. iii. for a catalogue of the principal books in Mons. Oufle's study, which is the most curious list of the black art we have ever seen. An English translation of these Religious Extravagancies was published in 1711.]

Lysons' MSS.—Is the present repository of the MS. notes, used by Messrs. Lysons in editing their great work, the Magna Britannia, known?

T. P. L.

[The topographical collections made by the Rev. Daniel Lysons for the Magna Britannia and the Environs of London, making sixty-four volumes, are in the British Museum, Add. MSS. 9408-9471. They were presented by that gentleman.]

"Luke's Iron Crown" (Goldsmith's Traveller, last line but two). To whom does this refer, and what are the particulars?

P. J. (A Subscriber).

[This Query is best answered by the following note from Mr. P. Cunningham's new edition of Goldsmith:

"When Tom Davies, at the request of Granger, asked Goldsmith about this line, Goldsmith referred him for an explanation of 'Luke's iron crown' to a book called Géographie Curieuse; and added, that by 'Damiens' bed of steel' he meant the rack. See Granger's Letters, 8vo., 1805, p. 52.

"George and Luke Dosa were two brothers who headed an unsuccessful revolt against the Hungarian nobles at the opening of the sixteenth century: and George (not Luke) underwent the torture of the red-hot iron crown, as a punishment for allowing himself to be proclaimed King of Hungary (1513) by the rebellious peasants (see Biographie Universelle, xi. 604.). The two brothers belonged to one of the native races of Transylvania called Szecklers, or Zecklers (Forster's Goldsmith, i. 395., edit. 1854)."]

"Horam coram Dago."—In the first volume of Lavengro, p. 89.:

"From the river a chorus plaintive, wild, the words of which seem in memory's ear to sound like 'Horam coram Dago.'"

I have somewhere read a song, the chorus or refrain of which contained these three words. Can any of your readers explain?

Σ.

[Our correspondent is thinking of the song "Amo, amas," by O'Keefe, which will be found in The Universal Songster, vol. i. p. 52., and other collections. We subjoin the chorus:

"Rorum coram,

Sunt divorum,

Harum scarum

Divo!

Tag rag, merry derry, perriwig and hat-band,

Hic hoc horum genitivo!"]

Replies.

HOBY FAMILY.

(Vol. ix., p. 19.)

Many years have passed away since I went over Bisham Abbey; but I was then informed that any family portraits belonging to the old House had been taken away by the widow of Sir John Hoby Mill, Baronet, who sold the property to Mr. George Vansittart in 1780, or shortly afterwards. I am not aware that there are any engraved portraits of the Hobys, excepting those mentioned by your correspondent Mr. Whitborne, which form part of the series of Holbein's Heads, published in 1792 by John Chamberlaine, from the original drawings still in the royal collection. In the meagre account of the persons represented in that work, Lady Hoby is described as "Elizabeth, one of the four daughters of Sir Antony Cooke, of Gidea Hall, Essex," and widow of Sir Thomas Hoby, who died in 1566, at Paris, whilst on an embassy there. The lady remarried John Lord Russell, eldest son of Francis, second Earl of Bedford, whom she also survived, and deceasing 23rd of July, 1584, was buried in Bisham Church, in which she had erected a chapel containing splendid monuments to commemorate her husbands and herself. The inscriptions will be found in Ashmole's Berkshire, vol. ii. p. 464., and in Wotton's Baronetage, vol. iv. p. 504., where the Hoby crest is given as follows; "On a chapeau gules turned up ermine, a wolf regreant argent." The armorial bearings are described very minutely in Edward Steele's Account of Bisham Church, Gough MSS., vol. xxiv., Bodleian, which contains some other notices of the parish.

Braybrooke.

POETICAL TAVERN SIGNS.

(Vol. viii., pp. 242. 452. 626.)

I send two specimens from this neighbourhood, which may, perhaps, be worth inserting in your columns.

The first is from a public-house on the Basingstoke road, about two miles from this town. The sign-board exhibits on one side "the lively effigies" of a grenadier in full uniform, holding in his hand a foaming pot of ale, on which he gazes apparently with much complacency and satisfaction. On the other side are these lines:

"This is the Whitley Grenadier,

A noted house for famous beer.

My friend, if you should chance to call,

Beware and get not drunk withal;

Let moderation be your guide,

It answers well whene'er 'tis try'd.

Then use but not abuse strong beer,

And don't forget the Grenadier."

The next specimen, besides being of a higher class, has somewhat of an historical interest. In a secluded part of the Oxfordshire hills, at a place called Collins's End, situated between Hardwick House and Goring Heath, is a neat little rustic inn, having for its sign a well-executed portrait of Charles I. There is a tradition that this unfortunate monarch, while residing as a prisoner at Caversham, rode one day, attended by an escort, into this part of the country, and hearing that there was a bowling-green at this inn, frequented by the neighbouring gentry, struck down to the house, and endeavoured to forget his sorrows for awhile in a game at bowls. This circumstance is alluded to in the following lines, which are written beneath the sign-board:

"Stop, traveller, stop; in yonder peaceful glade,

His favourite game the royal martyr play'd;

Here, stripp'd of honours, children, freedom, rank,

Drank from the bowl, and bowl'd for what he drank;

Sought in a cheerful glass his cares to drown,

And changed his guinea, ere he lost his crown."

The sign, which seems to be a copy from Vandyke, though much faded from exposure to the weather, evidently displays an amount of artistic skill that is not usually to be found among common sign-painters. I once made some inquiries about it of the people of the house, but the only information they could give me was that they believed it to have been painted in London.

G. T.

Reading.

TRANSLATION FROM SHERIDAN, ETC.

(Vol. viii, p. 563.)

I cannot furnish Balliolensis with the translation from Sheridan he requires, but I am acquainted with that from Goldsmith. It is to be found somewhere in Valpy's Classical Journal. As that work is in forty volumes, and not at hand, I am not able to give a more precise reference. I recollect, however, a few of the lines at the beginning:

"Incola deserti, gressus refer, atque precanti

Sis mihi noctivagæ dux, bone amice, viæ;

Dirige quà lampas solatia luce benigna

Præbet, et hospitii munera grata sui.

Solus enim tristisque puer deserta per agro,

Ægre membra trahens deficiente pede,

Quà, spatiis circum immensis porrecta, patescunt

Me visa augeri progrediente, loca."

"Ulterius ne perge," senex, "jam mitte vagari,

Teque iterum noctis, credere, amice, dolis:

Luce trahit species certa in discrimina fati,

Ah nimium nescis quo malefida trahat!

Hic inopi domus, hic requies datur usque vaganti,

Parvaque quantumvis dona, libente manu.

Ergo verte pedes, caliginis imminet hora,

Sume libens quidquid parvula cella tenet ..."

No doubt there is a copy of the Classical Journal in the Bodleian; and if Balliolensis can give me volume and page, I in turn shall be much obliged to him.

Hypatia.

The lines to which your correspondent Balliolensis refers—

"Conscia ni dextram dextera pressa premat."

are a translation of the song in Sheridan's Duenna, Act I. Sc. 2., beginning—

"I ne'er could any lustre see," &c.

They were done by Marmaduke Lawson, of St. John's College, Cambridge, for the Pitt Scholarship in 1814, for which he was successful:

"Phyllidis effugiunt nos lumina. Dulcia sunto.

Pulcra licet, nobis haud ea pulcra micant.

Nectar erat labiis, dum spes erat ista tenendi,

Spes perit, isque simul, qui erat ante, decor.

Votis me Galatea petit. Caret arte puella,

Parque rosis tenero vernat in ore color:

Sed nihil ista juvant. Forsan tamen ista juvabunt.

Si jaceant, victâ mente, rubore genæ:

Pura manus mollisque fluit. Neque credere possum.

Ut sit vera fides, ista premenda mihi est.

Nec bene credit amor (nam res est plena timoris),

Conscia ni dextram dextera pressa premat.

Ecce movet pectus suspiria. Pectora nostris

Ista legenda oculis, si meus urat amor.

Et, nostri modo cura memor nostrique caloris

Tangat eam, facere id non pudor ullus erit."

I have not sent the English, as it can be easily got at. The other translation I am not acquainted with.

B.

FLORINS AND THE ROYAL ARMS.

(Vol. viii., p. 621.)

The placing of the royal arms in four separate shields in the form of a cross first occurred upon the medals struck upon the nativity of King Charles II., anno 1630; and adopted upon the reverse of the coins for the first time in 1662, upon the issue of what was then termed the improved milled coin, where the arms are so placed, having the star of the Garter in the centre; the crowns intersecting the legend, and two crowns interlaced in each quarter. The shields, as here marshalled, are each surmounted by a crown; having in the top and bottom shield France and England quarterly, Ireland on the dexter side (which is the second place), and on the sinister Scotland.[2] But on the milled money which followed, France and England being borne separately, that of France, which had been constantly borne in the first quarter singly until James I., and afterwards in the first place quarterly with England, is placed in the bottom shield or fourth quarter. Mr. Leake, in his Historical Account of English Money[3], after remarking that this irregular bearing first appeared upon the nativity medals of Charles II. in 1630, where the shields are placed in this manner, adds, that this was no doubt originally owing to the ignorance of the graver, who knew no other way to place the arms circularly than following each other, like the titles, unless (as I have heard, says he) that the arms of each kingdom might fall under the respective title in the legend; and this witty conceit has ever since prevailed upon the coin, except in some of King William and Queen Mary's money, where the arms are rightly marshalled in one shield. That this was owing to the ignorance of the workman, and not with any design to alter the disposition of the arms, is evident from the arms upon the great seal, where France is borne quarterly with England, in the first and fourth quarters, as it was likewise used upon all other occasions, until the alteration occasioned by the union with Scotland in 1707.

In reference to the arrangement consequent upon the union with Scotland, he observes that, how proper soever the impaling the arms of the two kingdoms was in other respects, it appeared with great impropriety upon the money. The four escocheons in cross had hitherto been marshalled in their circular order from the left, whereby the dexter escocheon was the fourth; according to which order the united arms, being quartered first and fourth, would have fallen together; therefore they were placed at the top and bottom, which indeed was right: but then France by the same rule was then in the third place, and Ireland in the second; unless to reconcile it we make a rule contrary to all rule, to take sinister first and dexter second.

In the coinage of King George I., the representation of the armorial bearings in four separate shields, as upon the milled money of King Charles II., was continued. In the uppermost escocheon, England impaling Scotland; the dexter the arms of his Majesty's electoral dominions; sinister France; and in the bottom one Ireland, all crowned with the imperial crown of Great Britain. The marshalling of the four escocheon's in this manner might and ought to have been objected to by the heralds (has it been brought under their cognizance?), because it appears by many instances, as well as upon coins and medals of the emperors and several princes of the entire, that arms marshalled in this circular form are blazoned, not in the circular order, but from the dexter and sinister alternately; and thus the emperor at that time bore eleven escocheons round the imperial eagle. In like manner, upon the money of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick, we see the crest with a circle of eleven escocheons in the same order. The same order is observed in marshalling the escocheons of the seven provinces of Holland and there is a coin of the Emperor Ferdinand, another of Gulick, and a third of Erick, Bishop of Osnaburgh, with four escocheons in cross, and four sceptres exactly resembling the English coins. That it was not altered therefore at that time, the mistake being so evident, can be attributed only to the length of time the error had prevailed; so hard is it to correct an error in the first instance whereby the arms of his Majesty's German dominions, which occupy the fourth quarter in the royal arms, do in fact upon the money occupy the second place; a mistake however so apparent, as well by the bearing upon other occasions as by the areas of Ireland, which before occupied the same escocheon, that nothing was meant thereby to the dishonour of the other arms; but that being now established, it is the English method of so marshalling arms in cross or circle, or rather that they have no certain method.

Until the union with Scotland, the dexter was the fourth escocheon; from that time the bottom one was fourth; now the dexter was again the fourth. Such is the force of precedent in perpetuating error, that the practice has prevailed even to the present time and it may be inferred, that fancy and effect are studied by the engraver before propriety. No valid reason can be advanced for placing the arms in separate shields after their declared union under one imperial crown.

J.

Footnote 2:(return)

Evelyn's Discourse, edit. 1696, p. 121.

Footnote 3:(return)

London, 8vo., 1745, 2nd edit., then Clarenceux King of Arms, and afterwards Garter.

CHRONOGRAMS.

(Vol. viii., p. 351. &c.)

The banks of the Rhine furnish abundant examples of this literary pleasantry: chronograms are as thick as blackberries. I send you a dozen, gathered during a recent tour. Each one was transcribed by myself.

1. Cologne Cathedral, 1722; on a beam in a chapel, on the south side of the choir:

"pIa VIrgInIs MarIæ soDaLItas annos sæCV-
LarI renoVat."

2. Poppelsdorf Church, near Bonn. 1812:

"paroChIaLIs teMpLI rVIxIs æDIfICabar."

3. Bonn; on the base of a crucifix outside the minster, on the north side. 1711:

"glorifiCate
et
portate DeVM
In Corpore Vestro.
1 Cor. 6."

4. Bonn; within the minster. 1770:

"CapItVLVM
patronIs pIe
DICaVIt."

5. Aix-la-Chapelle; on the baptistery. 1660:

"sacrvM
paroChIaLe DIVI johannIs
baptIstæ."

6. Aix-la-Chapelle.—St. Michael: front of west gallery. 1821:

"sVM pIa CIVItatIs
LIberaLItate renoVata DeCorata."

7. Aix-la-Chapelle, under the above. 1852:

"eCCe
MIChaeLIs
aeDes."

8. Konigswinter; on the base of a crucifix at the northern end of the village. 1726:

"In VnIVs VerI aC In
CarnatI DeI honoreM
posVere.
———
Joannes Petrus Mümrer et
Maria Gengers Conjuges
2 dā Septembris."

9. Konigswinter; over the principal door of the church. 1828:

"es Ist seInes MenCher WohnUng sonDem eIn
herrLIChes haUsz Unseres gottes, i. b. d. ker.
er. 29. c. v. i."

10. Konigswinter; under the last. 1778:

"VnI sanCtIssIMo Deo, patrI atqVe
fiLIo spIrItVIqVe sanCto."

11. Konigswinter under the last. 1779:

"erIgor sVb MaX. frIDerICo konIgsegg antIstIte
CoLonIensI pIe gVbernante."

12. Coblenz.—S. Castor; round the arch of the west door. 1765:

"DIro MarIa IVngfraV reIn
Las CobLenz aubefohLen seIn."

Of these, Nos. 9, 10. and 11. are incised on one stone, the letters indicating the chronograph being rubricated capitals; but in No. 10. the second I in "filio," and the first I in "spirituique," though capitals, are not in red. I shall be much obliged to any of your correspondents who can supply a complete or corrected copy of the following chronogram, from the Kreutzberg, near Bonn. The height at which it was placed, and its defective colour, prevented me from deciphering the whole; nor do I vouch for the correctness of the subjoined portion:

"sCaLa IesV pr

nobis passI. a..

CLeMente aVgVsto

    .      .      .      .      .      .  

antIstIte

CoLonIensI pIe

aVgVst

pretIosi

eXstrV."

Some parts of this inscription might be conjecturally supplied; but I prefer presenting it as I was able to transcribe it. The staircase in question was erected by the Elector Clement Augustus, in or about 1725, in imitation of the Scala Santa at Rome. (See Murray's Handbook.)

W. Sparrow Simpson.

OATHS.

(Vol. viii., pp. 364. 471.)

In Primate Colton's Metropolitan Visitation of the Diocese of Derry, A.D. 1397, edited by the Rev. William Reeves, D.D., it is stated, at p. 44., that several persons therein mentioned took their oath "tactis sacrosanctis Evangeliis;" and in a note Dr. Reeves says that—

"Until the arrival of the English the custom of swearing on the holy evangelists was unknown to the Irish, who resorted instead to croziers, bells, and other sacred reliquaries, to give solemnity to their declarations. Even when the Gospels were used, it was not uncommon to introduce some other object to render the oath doubly binding. Thus in a monition directed by Primate Prene to O'Neill, he requires him to be sworn 'tactis sacrosanctis Dei evangeliis ad ea, et super Baculum Jesu in ecclesia cathedrali Sanctæ Trinitatis Dublin.' (Reg. Prene, fol. 117.)"

The following lines upon the subject in question will be found in the Red Book of the Irish Exchequer:

"Qui jurat super librum tria tacit.

"Primo quasi diceret omnia que scripta sunt in hoc libro nunquam mihi perficiant neque lex nova neque vetus si mencior in hoc juramento.

"Secundo apponit manum super librum quasi diceret numquam bona opera que feci michi proficiant ante faciem Jeshu Christi nisi veritatem dicam quando per manus significentur opera.

"Tercio et ultimo osculatur librum quasi diceret numquam oraciones neque preces quas dixi per os meum michi ad salutem anime valeant si falsitatem dicam in hoc juramento michi apposito."

Judging by the character of the handwriting, I would say that the above-mentioned lines were written not later than the time of Edward I.; and as many of the vellum leaves of this book have been sadly disfigured, as well by the pressure of lips as by tincture of galls, I am inclined to think that official oaths were formerly taken in the Court of Exchequer of Ireland by presenting the book when opened to the person about to be sworn in the manner at this day used (as we are informed by Honoré de Mareville) in the Ecclesiastical Court at Guernsey.

It appears by an entry in one of the Order Books of the Exchequer, deposited in the Exchequer Record Office, Four Courts, Dublin, that in James I.'s time the oath of allegiance was taken upon bended knee. The entry to which I refer is in the following words:

"Easter Term, Wednesday, 22nd April, 1618.—Memorandum: This day at first sitting of the court, the lord threasurer, vice threasurer, and all the barons being present on the bench, the lord chauncellor came hither and presented before them Thomas Hibbotts, esq., with his Majesty's letters patents of the office of chauncellor of this court to him graunted, to hold and execute the said office during his naturall life, which being read the said lord chauncellor first ministred unto him the oath of the King's supremacy, which hee tooke kneeling on his knee, and presently after ministred unto him the oath ordayned for the said officer, as the same is contayned of record in the redd booke of this court; all which being donn the said lord chauncellor placed him on the bench on the right hand of the lord threasurer, and then departed this court."

James F. Ferguson.

Dublin.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

Splitting Paper for Photographic Purposes.—If the real and practical mode of effecting this were disclosed, it would be (in many cases) a valuable aid to the photographer. I have had many negative calotypes ruined by red stains on the back (but not affecting the impressed side of the paper); which, could the paper have been split, would in all probability have been available, and printed well.

I was sorry to see in "N. & Q" (Vol. iii., p. 604.) an article under this head which went the round of the papers several months ago. Anything more impracticable and ridiculously absurd than the directions there given can hardly be imagined: "cylinders of amber!" or "cylinders of metallic amalgam!!" "excited in the usual manner," &c. I presume electrical excitation is intended. Though, how cylinders of metal are to receive electrical excitation, and to have sufficient attractive power over a sheet of paper as to rend it asunder, would be a problem which I believe even a Faraday could not solve: neither would excited glass cylinders effect the object any better; or if they could, it would be erecting a wheel to break a fly upon.

The whole proposition must originally have been a hoax: in fact, we live in a day when the masses of the people are easily induced to believe that electricity can do everything.

Another, and far more feasible plan has been proposed ("N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 413.), viz. to paste the paper to be split between two pieces of calico or linen; and when perfectly dry, part them. One half, it is said, will adhere to each piece of the linen, and may afterwards be obtained or set free from the linen by soaking.

I have tried this with partial, but not satisfactory success. It will be remembered that the results of the true process were some years ago exhibited before a scientific company (I think at the Royal Institution), when a page of the London Illustrated News was first exhibited in its usual condition, printed on both sides; and was then taken to an adjoining apartment, and in a short time (perhaps a quarter of an hour) re-exhibited to the company split into two laminæ, each being perfect. Neither the pasting plan, nor the electrical gammon, could have effected this. I hope some of your readers (they are a legion) will confer on photographers the favour of informing them of this art.

Cokely.

Curling of Iodized Paper.—The difficulty which your correspondent C. E. F. has met with, in iodizing paper according to Dr. Diamond's valuable and simple process, may be easily obviated.

I experienced the same annoyance of "curling up" till it was suggested to me to damp the paper previously to floating it. I have since always adopted this expedient, and find it answer perfectly. The method I employ for damping it is to leave it for a few hours previously to using it upon the bricks in my cellar: and I have no doubt but that, if C. E. F. will try the same plan, he will be equally satisfied with the result.

W. F. W.

How the Glass Rod is used.—Would you be kind enough to inform me how paper is prepared or excited with the glass rod in the calotype process? Is the solution first poured on the paper, and then equally diffused over it with the rod?

Duthus.

[The manner in which the glass rod is to be used for exciting or developing is very simple, although not easily described. The operator must provide himself with some pieces of thin board, somewhat larger than the paper intended to be used; on one of these two or three folds of blotting-paper are to be laid, and on these the paper intended to be excited, and which is to be kept steady by pins at the top and bottom right-hand corners, and the forefinger of the left hand. The operator, having ready in a small measure about thirty drops of the exciting fluid, takes the glass rod in his right hand, moves it steadily over the paper from the right hand to the left, where he keeps it, while with the left hand he pours the exciting fluid over the side of the glass rod, and moving this to and fro once or twice to secure an equal portion of the exciting fluid along the whole length of the rod; he then moves the rod from left to right and back again, until he has ascertained that the whole surface is covered, taking care that none of the exciting fluid runs over the side of the paper, as it is then apt to discolour the back of it. When the whole surface has been thoroughly wetted, the superfluous fluid is to be blotted off with a piece of new blotting-paper.]

Replies to Minor Queries.

Wooden Tombs and Effigies (Vol. viii., p. 604.).—In addition to that mentioned by J. E. J., there is a wooden chest in the centre of the chancel of Burford Church, in the county of Salop, with a figure in plated armour on the top; the head resting on a helmet supported by two angels, and at the feet a lion crowned. An ornament of oak leaves runs round the chest, at the edge. This effigy is supposed to represent one of the Cornwall family, the ancient, but now extinct, barons of Burford. As I am preparing, with a view to publication, a history of this very ancient family, with an account of the curious and interesting monuments in Burford and other churches, I should esteem it a favour if any of your correspondents could furnish me with authentic information relative to any members of the family, or of any memorials of them in other churches than those of Worcestershire and Shropshire.

J. B. Whitborne.

Epitaph on Politian (Vol. viii., p. 537.).—Harwood's Alumni Etonenses, A.D. 1530, Hen. VIII., p. 22.:

"Edward Bovington was born at Burnham, and was buried in the chapel. Some member of the College made these lines on him:

'Unum caput tres linguas habet,

(Res mira!) Bovingtonus.'"

This member must have seen Politian's epitaph.

J. H. L.

Defoe's Quotation from Baxter on Apparitions (Vol. ix., p. 12.).—The story copied by Dr. Maitland from Defoe's Life of Duncan Campbell, is to be found nearly word for word in pp. 60, 61. of The Certainty of the Worlds of Spirits fully evinced by the unquestionable Histories of Apparitions, &c., by Richard Baxter, London, 1691. I can trace no mention of the Dr. Beaumont, author of the Treatise of Spirits, unless he be the "eminent apothecary in Henrietta Street, Covent Garden," stated by Nichols (Literary Anecdotes, vol. ix. p. 239.) to be the father of Mr. Beaumont, Registrar of the Royal Humane Society.

Ἁλιεύς.

Dublin.

Barrels Regiment (Vol. viii., p. 620.).—If the song referring to Barrel's regiment was written about 1747, it was not original, but a parody or adaptation of one in The Devil to Pay, performed as a ballad opera in 1731; and which still maintains its place, if not on the stage, in recent editions of the "acting drama." I have not an old edition of the play, but quote from a collection of songs called The Nightingale, London, 1738, p. 232.:

"He that has the best wife,

She's the plague of his life;

But for her that will scold and will quarrel,

Let him cut her off short,

Of her meat and her sport,

And ten times a day hoop her barrel, brave boys,

And ten times a day hoop her barrel."

May I append a Query to my reply? Was The Nightingale published with a frontispiece? My copy is mutilated, but has belonged to some person who valued it much more highly than I do, as he has neatly repaired and replaced torn leaves and noted deficiencies. Prefixed is a mounted engraving of a bird in the act of singing, which, if intended for a nightingale, is really curious; as it is of the size and shape of a pheasant, with corvine legs and beak, and a wattle round the eye like that of a barb pigeon. The book is "printed and sold by J. Osborn," and shows that the post assigned to him in The Dunciad was not worse than he deserved.

H.B.C.

Garrick Club.

[Our correspondent seems to have the veritable original engraving; the nightingale or pheasant, or whatever it may he, is mounted on a branch over a stream near to three houses, and a village on its banks is seen in the distance.]

Sneezing (Vol. viii., pp. 366. 624.).—To the very interesting illustrations given by Mr. Francis Scott of the ancient superstitions associated with sternutation, I should like to add one not less curious than any which he has given. It is recorded in Xenophon's Anabasis, lib. iii. cap. 2.

At the council of Greek generals, held after the death of Cyrus, Xenophon rose and made a speech. He set before his comrades the treachery of their late associate Ariæus; the serious difficulties attendant upon the position of the Greeks; and the necessity for immediate and vigorous action. Just as he had alluded to the probability of a severe conflict, and had invoked the aid of the gods, one of the company sneezed. He paused for a moment in his harangue, and every one present did reverence (προσεκόνησαν) to Jupiter. The circumstance seemed to give new spirit and fortitude to the whole assembly; and when Xenophon resumed, he said, "Even now, my comrades, while we were talking of safety, Zeus the saviour has sent us an omen; and I think it would become us to offer to the god a sacrifice of thanksgiving for our preservation." He then, in the manner of a modern chairman at Exeter Hall, invited all of that opinion to hold up their hands. This appeal having met a unanimous response, they all made their vows, sung the pæan, and the orator proceeded with his discourse.

The adoration of the god, or the use of some auspicious words or religious formulary, appears to have been designed to avert any evil which might possibly be portended by the omen. It seems by no means certain that it was always regarded as favourable. Xenophon, in the case referred to, contrived very adroitly to turn the incident to good account, and to interpret it as a sign of the divine favour. The form of one of the sentences I have translated—

"Ἐπεὶ περὶ σωτηρίας ἡμῶν λεγόντων ὀιωνὸς τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἐφάνη."

affords a little illustration of the benediction in current use among the Greeks on such occasions, "Ζεῦ σῶσον."

J. G. F.

Does "Wurm," in modern German, ever mean Serpent? (Vol. viii pp. 465. 624.).—F. W. J. is quite right as regards his interpretation of the word Wurm, used by Schiller in his Wallenstein in the passage spoken by Butler.

Wurm is not used in German to mean a serpent. Serpents (Schlangen) are vertebrata, and are therefore not confounded with Würmer by the Germans. The language of the people frames proverbs, not the language of science. The Germans apply the word Wurm to express pity or contempt. The mother says to her sick child, "Armes Würmchen!" signifying poor, suffering, little creature. Man to man, in order to express contempt, will say "Elender Wurm!" meaning miserable wretch; an application arising out of the contemplation of the helpless state and inferior construction of this division of the animal kingdom. The German proverb corresponds to the English.

C. B. d'O.

Longfellow's Reaper and the Flowers (Vol. viii., p. 583.).—This charge of plagiarism, I think, is not a substantial one. To compare Death to a reaper, and children to flowers, is a very general idea, and may be thought by thousands, and expressed in nearly the same words which Longfellow, and before him Luisa Reichardt, have used. The first line of the two respective poems are certainly word for word the same, but that is all; although the tendency of both poems is the same. Longfellow's poem is much superior to that of L. Reichardt; for, while the former has a beautiful clothing, colouring, and harmony, the latter is very crude, poor, and defective. Longfellow's long residence in Germany has indeed rendered him very susceptible to the form and spirit of German poetry, and hence there exist in his poems frequently affinities as to general forms and ideas: still, affinities arising from such causes cannot justly be termed plagiarism, much less the accidental choice of a very widely existent, natural thought. When Byron wrote his opening line to The Bride of Abydos, he did not probably think of Göthe's

"Könnst du das Land wo die Citronen blühen?"

Byron was not a German scholar; and as the opening line is the only analogy between the two poems, we may justly believe it natural for any one who has lived in southern lands, to ask such a question. The charge of plagiarism, I think, ought to rest upon grounds which evince an actual copying.

C. B. d'O.

Charge of Plagiarism against Paley (Vol. viii., p. 589.).—As a personal friend of the gentleman who, under the name of Veritas, brought, about five years ago, a charge of plagiarism against Paley, I feel called upon to say few words to Fiat Just.

Truth cannot be refuted, and F. J. may look at the translation of the old Dutch book of Nieuwentyt's, which he will find in the British Museum library, the same place where Veritas made the discovery while examining the works of some continental metaphysicians: and Fiat Just. will then no doubt regret having made the rash and illogical observation, "that the accusation be refuted, or the culprit consigned to that contempt," &c. The character of Veritas as man, moralist, and scholar, does not deserve so unjust and rash a remark.

The Dutch book, as well as the translation, are very scarce. Five and six copies of the latter could only be found at the time of the discovery in London.

C. B. d'O.

Tin (Vol. viii., p. 593.).—The suggestions of your correspondent S. G. C. are ingenious respecting the etymology of Cassiteros, but a slight examination will show they are erroneous. The Cassi was only one of the many tribes inhabiting Britain in the time of Cæsar, and it is by no means probable that it was able to confer its name upon the entire country, to the exclusion of all the rest; such as the Iceni, the Trinobanti, the Coritani, the Belgæ, and various others too numerous to mention. We must bear in mind that the Phœnicians gave the name of Cassiterides to the British Isles; and that in naming places they invariably called them after some known or supposed quality possessed by them, or from some natural appearance which first arrested their notice: and such was the case in this instance. We learn that it was the common belief in ancient times, that the islands to the west of Europe were shrouded in almost perpetual gloom and darkness; hence the British Isles were called Cassiterides, from Ceas, pronounced Kass, i. e. gloom, darkness, obscurity; and tir, i. e. lands, plural Ceasiterides, i. e. "the islands of darkness." And the tin which the Phœnicians procured from them received the appropriate name of Cassiteros, i. e. the metal from the islands of darkness.

Fras. Crossley.

John Waugh (Vol. viii, pp. 271. 400. 525.; Vol. ix, p. 20.).—The Rev. John Waugh was of Broomsgrove, Worcester, and died unmarried and intestate. Letters of administration of his estate in the province of York were granted Oct. 28, 1777, to his five sisters and co-heiresses, Judith, Isabella, Elizabeth, Mary, and Margaret, spinsters, who all were living at Carlisle; and were unmarried in August, 1792.

Wm. Durrant Cooper.

Rev. Joshua Brooks (Vol. viii., p. 639.).—Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine for March, 1821, contains a paper entitled a "Brief Sketch of the Rev. Josiah Streamlet." Under this sobriquet, a few incidents in the life of the Rev. Joshua Brooks are related, which may interest C. (1).

G. D. R.

Hour-glass Stand (Vol. viii., p. 454.).—There is an hour-glass stand attached to the pulpit at Nassington Church, Northants. Nassington is about six miles frown the town of Oundle.

G. R. M.

There is an hour-glass stand in Bishampton Church, Worcestershire.

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

Teeth Superstition (Vol. viii., p 382.).—My wife, who is a Yorkshire woman, tells me that, whenever she lost a tooth as a child, her nurse used to exhort her to keep her tongue away from the cavity, and then she would have a golden tooth. She speaks of it as a superstition with which she has always been familiar.

Oxoniensis.

Walthamstow.

Dog-whipping Day in Hull (Vol. viii., p. 409.).—This custom obtains, or used to do, in York on St. Luke's Day, Oct. 18, which is there known by the name of "Whip-dog Day." Drake considers the origin of it uncertain and though he is of opinion that it is a very old custom, he does not agree with those who date it as far back as the Romans.

In the History of York, vol. i. p. 306., respecting the author of which a Query has appeared in "N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 125., the traditional account of its origin is given:

"That in times of Popery, a priest celebrating mass at the festival in some church in York, unfortunately dropped the pix after consecration, which was snatched up suddenly and swallowed by a dog that lay under the table. The profanation of this high mystery occasioned the death of the dog; and a persecution began, and has since continued on this day (St. Luke's), to be severely carried on against all the species in the city."

A very curious whipping custom prevails at Leicester, known by the name of "Whipping Toms," on the afternoon of Shrove Tuesday. It is thus described in Hone's Year Book, p. 539.:

"In this space (the Newark) several (I think three) men called 'Whipping Toms,' each being armed with a large waggon whip, and attended by another man carrying a bell, claim the right of flogging every person whom they can catch while their attendant bell-man can keep ringing his bell."

Perhaps some one of your correspondents will be able to afford an origin for this odd usage.

R. W. Elliot.

Clifton.

A Spanish lady now resident in England, a member of the Latin Church, mentioned to me, some months since, a custom prevailing in her native land similar to that in Hull described by Mr. Richardson. It arose on this wise: Once upon a time, on a high festival of the Church, when there was an exposition of the blessed Sacrament, a dog rushed into the church when the altar was unguarded, and carried off the Host. This deed of the sacrilegious animal filled the Spaniards with such horror, that ever after, on the anniversary of that day, all dogs were beaten and stoned that showed themselves in the streets.

Edward Peacock.

Bottesford Moors.

Mousehunt (Vol. viii., pp. 516. 606.).—I think the inquiry relative to this animal may be satisfactorily answered by the following quotation from a very excellent and learned work, entitled A Natural History of British and Foreign Quadrupeds, containing many Original Observations and Anecdotes, by James H. Fennell, 8vo., London, 1841:

"The Beech Marten is the Martes foina of modern zoologists, the Martes Fagorum of Ray, the Martes Saxorum of Klein, the Mustela Martes of Linnæus, and the Mustela foina of Gmelin. Its English synonymes are not less numerous; for, besides Beech Marten, it is called Stone Marten, Martern, Marteron, Martlett, and Mousehunt. The last name I insert on the authority of Henley, thee dramatic commentator, who says it is the animal to which 'charming Willie Shakspeare' thus alludes in Romeo and Juliet:

'Capulet. I have watch'd ere now

All night——

Lady Capulet. Ay, thou have been a mouse-hunt in

your time.'—Act IV. Sc. 4.

"In Knight's Pictorial Edition of Romeo and Juliet (1839), this and many other terms equally requiring explanation are left quite unelucidated; though one picture of this said mouse-hunt would doubtless have been more assistant to the professed object of the work than the two unnecessary pictures it contains of certain winged monstrosities called Cupids."—P. 106.

Mr. Fennell goes on to state, that the Beech Marten (alias Mousehunt) inhabits the woods and forests of most parts of Europe, seldom quitting them except in its nocturnal excursions; and he adds that—

"The Beech Marten does sometimes, in the Highlands of Scotland, where it is common, and called Tuggin, take to killing lambs, and makes sad havoc. Luckily, however, it is nearly exterminated in the south of that country. In Selkirkshire, it has been observed to descend to the shore at night time to feed upon mollusks, particularly upon the large Basket Mussel (Mytilus modiolus). But the ordinary prey of both this and the Pine Marten appears to the hares, rabbits, squirrels, moles, rats, mice; game birds; turkeys, pigeons, and other domestic poultry, and also the wild singing birds."—P. 109.

In the above work Mr. Fennell has given many other interesting zoological elucidations of Shakspeare, and of various other ancient poets.

G. Tennyson.

Rickmansworth.

St. Paul's School Library (Vol. viii., p. 641.).—A catalogue of the library was privately printed in 1836, 8vo. It is nominally under the care of the captain of the school, who, having his own duties to attend to, cannot be expected to pay much attention to it: this readily accounts for the disorder said to prevail.

It is believed to contain the copy of Vegetius de re militari, the perusal of which by Marlborough, when a pupil at the school, imbued him with that love for military science he in after-life so successfully cultivated.

It would be a good deed on the part of the wealthy company, the trustees of Colet's noble foundation, to enlarge the library and pay a salary to a librarian; it might thus become a useful appendage to the school, and under certain regulations be made accessible to the vicinity.

W. A.

German Tree (Vol. viii., p. 619.).—In answer to the inquiry of Zeus, who wishes to be informed whether this custom was known in England previous to 1836, I beg to refer him to Coleridge's Friend, second landing-place, essay iii. (vol. ii. p. 249.), entitled "Christmas within doors in the north of Germany." The passage (apparently from Coleridge's journal) is dated "Ratzeburg, 1799." It is, I think, also extracted in Knight's Half-hours with the best Authors. Coleridge went to Germany in 1798 (Biog. Lit., vol. i. p. 211. note); but I imagine the passage I refer to did not appear till 1818, when The Friend was published in three volumes (Biog. Lit., vol. ii. p. 420.). As the book is so common, I do not think it worth while to copy out the account. Zeus has by this time, I hope, had a Christmas Yggdrasil in his Olympus.

Eryx.

Derivation of the Word "Cash" (Vol. viii., p. 386.).—May not the word cash be connected with the Chinese coin bearing that name, which Mr. Martin, in his work on China (vol. i. p. 176.), describes as being—

"The smallest coin in the world, there being about 1000 to 1500 (cash) in a dollar, i. e. one-fifth to one-seventh of a farthing."

If I am not mistaken, the coin in question is perforated in the centre to permit numbers of the pieces being strung together, payments being made in so many strings of cash.

W. W. E. T.

66. Warwick Square, Belgravia.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The Poetical Works of John Dryden, edited by Robert Bell, Vol. I., is the first of what is proposed to be a revised and carefully annotated edition of the English Poets, which is intended to supply what the publisher believes to be an existing want, namely, "a Complete Body of English Poetry, edited throughout with judgment and integrity, and combining those features of research, typographical elegance, and economy of price, which the present age demands." Certainly, half-a-crown a volume fulfils the latter requirement in an extraordinary manner; and there can be little doubt that if the other essentials be as strictly fulfilled, and the collection embraces, as it is intended, not only the works of several poets who have been entirely omitted from previous collections, but those stores of lyrical and ballad poetry in which our literature is so preeminently rich, The Annotated Edition of the English Poets will meet with that extensive sale to which alone the publisher can look for remuneration.

The Museum of Science and Art, edited by Dr. Lardner, is intended to supply a collection of instructive tracts and essays, composed in a popular and amusing style, and in easy language, on the leading discoveries in the Physical Sciences: so that persons, whose occupations exclude the possibility of systematic study, may in their short hours of leisure obtain a considerable amount of information on subjects of the highest interest. This design is extremely well carried out in the first four numbers, which are devoted to—I. and II. The Planets: Are they Inhabited Worlds? III. Weather Prognostics; and IV. Popular Fallacies. The introduction of details and incidents, which could not with propriety be introduced into works of a purely scientific character, give great variety and interest to the different papers.

Books Received.—The Journal of Sacred Literature, New Series, No. X., contains, in addition to its notes, correspondence, &c., no less than twelve papers of varied interest to the peculiar class of readers to whom this periodical expressly addresses itself.—Mr. Bohn has just added to his Standard Library a collection of the Novels and Tales of Göthe, comprising his Elective Affinities; The Sorrows of Werther; German Emigrants; Good Women; and a Nouvelette: and in his Classical Library he has commenced a revised edition of the Oxford translation of Tacitus. The Ninth Part of Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, which extends from the conclusion of the article Germania to Hytanis, concludes the first volume of this admirable addition to Dr. Smith's series of Classical Dictionaries.—Cyclopædia Bibliographica, Part XVI., from Platina to Rivet. Every additional Part confirms our opinion of the great utility of this indispensable library companion.

BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES

Wanted To Purchase.

Companion to the Almanac. All published.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES." 186. Fleet Street.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are given for that purpose:

Waverley Novels. Miniature edition. 18mo. Published by Constable & Co. Complete.

Horne's Introduction to the Scriptures. 5 Vols. 8vo.

O'Brien's Round Towers of Ireland. Last Edition.

Rowe's Dartmoor.

Wanted by Simms & Son, Booksellers, Bath.

Lettres de Xavier. 2 Vols. Not the abridged edition.

Wanted by Mr. Hayward, Bookseller, Bath.

Genuine and Impartial Memoirs of the Life and Character of Charles Ratcliffe, wrote by a gentleman of the family, Mr. Eyre, to prevent the Public being imposed on by any erroneous or partial accounts to the prejudice of this unfortunate gentleman. London: printed for the Proprietor, and sold by E. Cole. 1746.

Wanted by Mr. Douglas, 16. Russell Square, London.

Letters of the Herbert Family.

Wanted by Henningham & Hollis, 5. Mount St., Grosvenor Sq.

A Sermon on Knowledge. By Rev. H. J. Rose. Lond. 1826.

Letters by Catholicus on Sir Robt. Peel's Tamworth Address. Lond. 1841.

Kircher's Musurgia Universalis. Romæ. 1655. 2 Toms in 1. Folio.

Glanvil's Lux Orientalis, with Notes by Dr. H. More. Lond. 1682. 8vo.

Wanted by J. G., care of Messrs. Ponsonby, Booksellers, Grafton Street, Dublin.

Selden's Works by Wilkins. Folio. Vol. III. Part II. 1726.

Bishop Gauden, the Author of "Icon Basilike," by Dr. Todd. 8vo. (A Pamphlet.)

Wanted by Thos. G. Stevenson, Bookseller, Edinburgh.

Kingdom's Dictionary of Quotations from the English Poets. 3 Vols. Published by Whittaker.

Wanted by A. Griffith, Bookseller, 8. Baker Street.

Clarke's Memoir of W. Falconer.

Wanted by F. Dinsdale, Leamington.

Prescott's Conquest of Mexico. Bentley. 1843. Vol. I.

Wanted by Henry Ditchburn, Esq., Gravesend.

G. Macropedii, Fabulæ Comicæ. 2 Tom. 8vo. Utrecht, 1552.

Junius Discovered, by P. T. Published about 1789.

Wanted by William J. Thoms, 25. Holywell Street, Millbank, Westminster.

Notices to Correspondents.

Monthly Part for January.—Catalogues of Books, Bills, &c. to be stitched into the forthcoming Monthly Part must be sent in by Friday the 27th instant. Eleven hundred copies are now required.

C. K. P. (Eton) will find the Cherry Tree Carol at p. 123. of Sandys' Christmas Carols, ed. 1833. It is, perhaps, the most quaint and curious in the volume.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.—We cannot better rectify the error, natural error we had almost said, into which Mr. Macray has fallen, than by printing entire the following communication:

"British Museum,

Jan. 17, 1854.

"Sir,

"An extremely clever and interesting review of Pineton de Chambrun's History of the Persecutions of the Protestants by the French King in the Principality of Orange appeared in the Journal des Débats of the 30th Nov. last. This article is dated from the British Museum (in the reading room of which establishment it may very probably have been written), and signed William Jones. As I am the only person in the British Museum bearing the surname of Jones, the article has been attributed to me, in very courteous terms, by a correspondent of the "N. & Q." As I cannot claim the merit of being the writer, I beg to place this correction of Mr. Macray's very natural mistake in your hands, to be used in such manner as you may think proper.

"I have the honour to be, Sir,

"Your very obedient servant,

"J. Winter Jones."

F. G. S. (Colchester). We have forwarded to Dr. Diamond your request, and as soon as "light and leisure" permit, you shall receive some copies of the portrait.

A Photographic Correspondent, Durham.—We have been so unfortunate as to lose a letter asking questions respecting the enlargement of photographs, &c., for which we apologise, but believe a full answer will be found in the last number of the Photographic Journal.

"Notes and Queries," Vols. i. to viii., price Four Guineas.—Copies are being made up and may be had by order.

"Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive copies in that night's parcels and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

NOW READY, QUARTO, CLOTH, TWENTY-FIVE SHILLINGS.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF ANCIENT ART,

SELECTED FROM

OBJECTS DISCOVERED AT POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM.

BY THE REV. EDWARD TROLLOPE, F.S.A.

Contains 422 Figures engraved on Wood, and Coloured Representations of the Auldjo and Naples Vases.

GEORGE BELL, 186. FLEET STREET.

Now ready,

THE CHRISTIAN REMEMBRANCER, No. LXXXIII., for JANUARY, 1854.

Contents.

1. Census of Great Britain, 1851.

2. St. Alfonso de Liguori's Theory of Truthfulness.

3. The French Pulpit and the Court of Louis XIV.

4. Bishop Kaye on the Council of Nicæa.

5. Alison's Europe from the Fall of Napoleon.

6. Maurice's Theological Essays.

7. Notices of New Books, Pamphlets, &c.

London J. & C. MOZLEY, 6. Paternoster Row.

REDUCTION IN PRICE of FRENCH PAPERS prepared for MONS. LE GRAY'S Process.—Examination of the Papers, and comparison with the Prices hitherto charged for the same description, is respectfully solicited, combined with a hope that, as the most careful Selection and Chemical Manipulation has been observed, the endeavour (by reducing their cost) to extend this beautiful and already extensively applied branch of Photographic Art, may secure a portion of public patronage. Canson Frères' Waxed Negative, 6s. per quire; Iodised ditto, 8s. 6d.; Sensitive, available for three weeks, 13s. Size, 17½ by 11½, demy folio. Specimens of either Papers sent Free on receipt of the Postage (10 Stamps) between boards. Address, post paid, to LUKE SAMS, 7. Adelphi Chambers, facing the Society of Arts, Adelphi, London.

For Family Reading.

BLENCOWE'S PLAIN SERMONS. First Series, fourth edition; Second Series, third edition; Third Series. Sold separately, at 7s. 6d. per volume. These plain and short discourses have been found to be peculiarly suited for reading aloud in families and to the sick, on account of their simple and affectionate style, and the interesting and practical manner in which religious truths are inculcated. The publisher desires to point out their usefulness in these respects, having reason to believe that their circulation has hitherto been chiefly among the clergy, and that they are still comparatively little known to the laity.

London: GEORGE BELL. 186. (near St. Dunstan's Church) Fleet Street.

THE ENGLISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATION. Continued Monthly. Price 6d., or stamped 7d.

Contents of January Number.

On Making Grammar Schools more available as Middle Schools.

On Teaching Modern Languages.

On the Introduction of Practical Science into Higher Schools.

The Elegies of Propertius. By F. A. Paley.

School Atlases of Ancient Geography.

Notices of Books.

A Specimen on Receipt of Seven Stamps.

GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Valuable Illustrated Books at Reduced Prices.

ROBERTS' HOLY LAND. 250 Plates. 16l. 16s. Published at 41 guineas.

DIGBY WYATT'S INDUSTRIAL ARTS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 160 Plates. 2 vols. folio. half-bound morocco. 10l. 10s. Published at 17l. 17s.

DIGBY WYATT'S METAL WORK, and its ARTISTIC DESIGN. 50 Plates. Folio, half-bound morocco. 3l. 3s. Published at 6l. 6s.

London: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY. 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen.

65. CHEAPSIDE.

HEAL & SON'S EIDER DOWN QUILT is the warmest, the lightest, and the most elegant Covering for the Bed, the Couch, or the Carriage; and for Invalids, its comfort cannot be too highly appreciated. It is made in Three Varieties, of which a large Assortment can be seen at their Establishment. List of Prices of the above, together with the Catalogue of Bedsteads, sent Free by Post.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

Directors.

H. E. Bicknell, Esq.
T. S. Cocks, Jun. Esq., M.P.
G. H. Drew, Esq.
W. Evans, Esq.
W. Freeman, Esq.
F. Fuller, Esq.
J. H. Goodhart, Esq.
T. Grissell, Esq.
J. Hunt, Esq.
J. A. Lethbridge, Esq.
E. Lucas, Esq.
J. Lys Seager, Esq.
J. B. White, Esq.
J. Carter Wood, Esq.

Trustees.—W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.; George Drew, Esq.,
T. Grissell, Esq.

Physician.—William Rich. Basham, M.D.
Bankers.—Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

Age | £ | s. | d. | Age | £ | s. | d.
  17 | 1 | 14 | 4 |   32 | 2 | 10 | 8
  22 | 1 | 18 | 8 |   37 | 2 | 18 | 6
  27 | 2 | 4 | 5 |   42 | 3 | 8 | 2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

SOLICITORS & GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,

52. Chancery Lane, London.

———

Subscribed Capital, ONE MILLION.

———

This Society Presents the Following Advantages:

The Security of a Subscribed Capital of ONE MILLION.

Exemption of the Assured from all Liability.

Premiums affording particular advantages to Young Lives.

Participating and Non-Participating Premiums.

In the former EIGHTY PER CENT. or FOUR-FIFTHS of the Profits are divided amongst the Assured Triennially, either by way of addition to the sum assured, or in diminution of Premium, at their option.

No deduction is made from the four-fifths of the profits for Interest on Capital, for a Guarantee Fund, or on any other account.

POLICIES FREE OF STAMP DUTY and INDISPUTABLE, except in case of fraud.

At the General Meeting on the 31st May last, A BONUS was declared of nearly Two Per Cent. per annum on the amount assured or at the rate of from THIRTY to upwards of SIXTY per cent. on the Premiums paid.

POLICIES share in the Profits, even if ONE PREMIUM ONLY has been paid.

Next DIVISION OF PROFITS in 1856.

The Directors meet on Thursdays at 2 o'Clock. Assurances may be effected by applying on any other day between the hours of 10 and 4, at the Office of the Society, where prospectuses and all other requisite information can be obtained.

CHARLES JOHN GILL, Secretary.

XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Photographic Establishments.—The superiority of this preparation is now universally acknowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal scientific men of the day, warrant the assertion, that hitherto no preparation has been discovered which produces uniformly such perfect pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases where a quantity is required, the two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in separate Bottles, in which state it may be kept for years, and Exported to any Climate. Full instructions for use.

Caution.—Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD W. THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony.

CYANOGEN SOAP: for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. The Genuine is made only by the Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label bearing this Signature and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS, CHEMIST, 10. PALL MALL, Manufacturer of Pure Photographic Chemicals: and may be procured of all respectable Chemists, in Pots at 1s., 2s., and 3s. 6d. each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS, 67. St. Paul's Churchyard; and MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., 95. Farringdon Street, Wholesale Agents.

COUNTY FIRE OFFICE, 50. REGENT STREET, and 2. ROYAL EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON.—Established 1806.

Trustees and Directors.

The Right Hon. Lord Northwick.

Major-Gen. Charles Richard Fox.

Sir Richard D. King, Bart.

Sir Glynne Earle Welby, Bart.

The Hon. Arthur Kinnaird, M.P.

Frederick Squire, Esq.

Henry B. Churchill, Esq.

The Rev. James Sherman.

The Rev. Isaac Spencer.

William Henry Stone, Esq.

&c. &c. &c.

Managing Director.—John A. Beaumont, Esq.

The Rates of Premium charged by the County Fire Office are upon the lowest scale consistent with security to the insured.

When a Policy has existed for a period of seven years, a return of 25 per cent., or one-fourth the amount of Premiums paid during that period, is declared upon such policy.

The returns paid to the present time amount to nearly 200,000l.

All losses are settled with promptitude and liberality.

CHARLES STEVENS, Secretary.

VIEWS IN LONDON.

STEREOSCOPES AND STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES.

BLAND & LONG, 153. FLEET STREET. OPTICIANS and PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENT MAKERS, invite attention to their Stock of STEREOSCOPES of all Kinds, and in various Materials; also, to their New and Extensive Assortment of STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES for the same, in DAGUERREOTYPE, on PAPER, and TRANSPARENT ALBUMEN PICTURES on GLASS, including Views of London, Paris, the Rhine, Windsor, &c. These Pictures, for minuteness of Detail and Truth in the Representation of Natural Objects, are unrivalled.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.

*** "Familiar Explanation of the Phenomena" sent on Application.

PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, MATERIALS, and PURE CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS.

KNIGHT & SONS' Illustrated Catalogue, containing Description and Price of the best forms of Cameras and other Apparatus. Voightlander and Son's Lenses for Portraits and Views, together with the various Materials, and pure Chemical Preparations required in practising the Photographic Art. Forwarded free on receipt of Six Postage Stamps.

Instructions given in every branch of the Art.

An extensive Collection of Stereoscopic and other Photographic Specimens.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and appreciation of half tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

THE COLLODION AND POSITIVE PAPER PROCESS. By J. B. HOCKIN. Price 1s., per Post, 1s. 2d.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERAS.—OTTEWILL'S REGISTERED DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERA, is superior to every other form of Camera, for the Photographic Tourist, from its capability of Elongation or Contraction to any Focal Adjustment, its Portability, and its adaptation for taking either Views or Portraits.—The Trade supplied.

Every Description of Camera, or Slides, Tripod Stands, Printing Frames, &c., may be obtained at his MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

New Inventions, Models, &c., made to order or from Drawings.

PHOTOGRAPHY.

A COMPLETE SET OF APPARATUS for 4l. 4s., containing an Expanding Camera, with warranted Double Achromatic Adjusting Lenses, a Portable Stand, Pressure Frame, Levelling Stand, and Baths, complete.

PORTRAIT LENSES of double Achromatic combination, from 1l. 12s. 6d.

LANDSCAPE LENSES, with Rack Adjustment, from 25s.

A GUIDE to the Practice of this interesting Art, 1s., by post free, 1s. 6d.

French Polished MAHOGANY STEREOSCOPES, from 10s. 6d. A large assortment of STEREOSCOPIC PICTURES for the same in Daguerreotype, Calotype, or Albumen, at equally low prices.

ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPES.

Beautifully finished ACHROMATIC MICROSCOPE, with all the latest improvements and apparatus, complete from 3l. 15s., at

C. BAKER'S, Optical and Mathematical Instrument Warehouse, 244. High Holborn (opposite Day & Martin's).

Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, January 21. 1854.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES, NUMBER 221, JANUARY 21, 1854 ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.