The Project Gutenberg eBook of 臺灣通史

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: 臺灣通史

Author: Heng Lian

Release date: May 22, 2008 [eBook #25557]

Language: Chinese

Credits: Produced by Tin-Yu Wang

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 臺灣通史 ***

Produced by Tin-Yu Wang

序　　臺灣固無史也，荷人啓之，鄭氏作之，清代營之，開物成務，以立我丕基，至於今三百有餘年矣。而舊志誤謬，文采不彰，其所記載，僅隷有清一朝，荷人鄭氏之事，闕而弗錄，竟以島夷海寇視之。烏呼，此非舊史氏之罪歟！且府志重脩於乾隆二十九年，臺、鳳、彰、淡諸志雖有續脩，侷促一隅，無關全局。而書又已舊，苟欲以二三陳編，而知臺灣大勢，是猶以管窺天，以蠡測海，其被囿也亦巨矣。

　　夫臺灣固海上之荒島爾，蓽路藍縷，以啓山林，至於今是賴。顧自海通以來，西力東漸，運會之趨，莫可阻遏。於是而有英人之役，有美船之役，有法軍之役，外交兵禍，相逼而來，而舊志不及載也。草澤羣雄，後先崛起，朱、林以下，輒啓兵戎，喋血山河，藉言恢復，而舊志亦不備載也。續以建省之議，開山撫番，析疆增吏，正經界，籌軍防，興土宜，勵教育，綱舉目張，百事俱作，而臺灣氣象一新矣。

　　夫史者，民族之精神，而人羣之龜鑑也。代之盛衰，俗之文野，政之得失，物之盈虛，均於是乎在。故凡文化之國，未有不重其史者也。古人有言，國可滅，而史不可滅。是以郢書燕說，猶存其名，晉乘楚杌，語多可採。然則臺灣無史，豈非臺人之痛歟！

　　顧脩史固難，脩臺之史更難，以今日而脩之尤難。何也？斷簡殘編，蒐羅匪易，郭公夏五，疑信相參，則徵文難。老成凋謝，莫可諮詢，巷議街譚，事多不實，則考獻難。重以改隷之際，兵馬倥傯，檔案俱失，私家收拾，半付祝融。則欲取金匱石室之書，以成風雨名山之業，而有所不可。然及今爲之，尚非甚難，若再經十年二十年而後脩之，則真有難爲者。是臺灣三百年來之史，將無以昭示後人，又豈非今日我輩之罪乎？

　　橫不敏，昭告神明，發誓述作，兢兢業業，莫敢自遑。遂以十稔之間，撰成《臺灣通史》。爲紀四，志二十四，傳六十，凡八十有八篇，表圖附焉。起自隋代，終於割讓，縱橫上下，鉅細靡遺，而臺灣文獻於是乎在。

　　洪維我祖宗，渡大海，入荒陬，以拓殖斯土，爲子孫萬年之業者，其功偉矣。追懷先德，眷顧前途，若涉深淵，彌自儆惕，烏乎念哉！凡我多士，及我友朋，惟仁惟孝，義勇奉公，以發揚種性，此則不佞之幟也。婆娑之洋，美麗之島，我先王先民之景命，實式憑之。

　　大正七年秋八月朔日，臺南連橫雅堂自序於劍花室。

捲一

開闢紀　　臺灣固東番之地，越在南紀，中倚層巒，四面環海。荒古以來，不通人世，土番魋結，千百成羣，裸體束腰，射飛逐走，猶是游牧之代。以今石器考之，遠在五千年前，高山之番，實為原始；而文獻無徵，搢紳之士固難言者。按史秦始皇命徐福求海上三神山，去而不返；又曰：「自齊威宣、燕昭使人入海求蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲。此三神山者，其傳在渤海中，去人不遠，患且至，則船風引而去。蓋嘗有至者，諸僊人及不死之藥皆在焉。其物禽獸盡白，而黃金銀為宮闕。未至，望之如雲。及到，三神山反居水下。臨之，風輒引去，終莫能至雲。世主莫不甘心焉。及至秦始皇並天下，至海上，則方士言之，不可勝數。始皇自以為至海上而恐不及矣，乃使人齎童男女入海求之。船交海中，皆以風為解，曰未能至，望見之焉」。或曰，蓬萊、方丈為日本、琉球，而臺灣則瀛洲也；語雖鑿空，言頗近理。蓋以是時航術未精，又少探險海外，飄渺虛無，疑為僊境，陋矣。臺灣與日本、琉球鼎立東海，地理氣候大略相同，山川美秀，長春之花、不黃之草，非方士所謂僊境也歟？徐福有來臺灣，今雖無可確證，而五百男女之散處日本、琉球者，後嗣不絕；然則秦時男女或有往來臺灣者，未可知也。或曰，澎湖則古之方壺，而臺灣為岱員；於音實似。列子夏革曰：「渤海之東，不知幾億萬里，有大壑焉，實維無底之谷，其下無底，名曰歸虛。其中有五山焉：一曰岱輿，二曰員嶠，三曰方壺，四曰瀛洲，五曰蓬萊。其山高下周旋三萬里，其頂平處九千里，山之中相去七萬里，而五山之根無所連著，常隨潮波上下往還，不得暫峙焉。僊聖毒之，訴之於帝。帝怒，流於西極，失羣聖之所居。乃命禺疆使巨鰲十五舉首而戴之，迭為三番，六萬歲一交焉；五山始峙」。夫澎湖與臺灣密邇，巨浸隔之，黑流所經，風濤噴薄，瞬息萬狀，實維無底之谷，故名落漈；又有萬水朝東之險，而言「風輒引去」也。臺灣之山有高至海拔一萬三千六百餘尺、為東洋羣山之特出者，長年積雪，其狀如玉，故曰「望之如雲」也。或曰，臺灣為古之東鯷。後漢書東夷傳曰：「會稽海外有東鯷人，分為二十餘國。又有夷洲、澶洲。傳言秦始皇遣方士徐福將童男女數千人入海求蓬萊神仙，不得，徐福畏誅，遂止此洲。會稽東冶縣人有入海行、遭風流移至澶洲者，所在絕遠，不可往來」。然則臺灣之為瀛洲、為東鯷，澎湖之為方壺，其說固有可信，而澎湖之有居人，尤遠在秦、漢之際。或曰，楚滅越，越之子孫遷於閩，流落海上，或居於澎湖；是澎湖之與中國通也已久，而其見於載籍者則始於隋代爾。

　　海防考曰：「隋開皇中，嘗遣虎賁陳稜略澎湖地。其嶼屹立巨浸中，環島三十有六，如排衙。居民以苫茅為廬舍，推年大者為長，畋漁為業。地宜牧牛羊，散食山谷間，各氂耳為記。稜至撫之，未久而去」。是為中國經略澎湖之始，而亦東入臺灣之機也。當是時，宇內既平，南北混一，聲靈所布，訖於南蠻。而澎湖地近福建，海道所經，朝發夕至。漳、泉沿海之黎民早已來往，耕漁並耦，不侵不釁，幾為熙皞之世。唯是書所言，頗有錯謬。陳稜之拜虎賁，事在大業三年，而此為開皇中，相去幾十餘載。豈為追述之辭？若其經略臺灣，則詳於隋書之琉球傳也。其傳曰：「流求國在海中，當建安郡東，水行五日而至。土多山洞。其王姓歡斯氏，名渴刺兜，不知其由來，有國世數也。彼土人呼之為「可老羊」，妻曰「多拔荼」。所居曰波羅檀洞，塹柵三重，環以流水，樹棘為藩。王所居舍，其大一十六間，琱刻禽獸，多鬥鏤樹，似橘而葉密，條纖如髮之下垂。國有四、五帥，統諸洞，洞有小王。往往有村，村有鳥了帥，並以善戰者為之，自相樹立，主一村之事。男女皆以白紵繩纏髮，從項後盤繞至額。其男子用鳥羽為冠，裝以珠貝，飾以赤毛，型制不同。婦人以羅紋白布為帽，其形正方；織鬥鏤皮並雜毛以為衣，製裁不一；綴毛垂螺為飾，雜色相間，下垂小貝，其聲如珮；綴璫施釧，懸珠於頸；織籐為笠，飾以毛羽。有刀弰、弓箭、劍鈹之屬。其處少鐵，刃皆薄小，多以骨角輔助之。編紵為甲，或用熊豹皮。王乘木獸，令左右輿之，而導從不過數十人。小王乘機，鏤為獸形。國人好相攻擊，人皆驍健善走，難死而耐創。諸洞各為部隊，不相救助。兩陣相當，勇者三、五人出前跳躁，交言相罵，因相擊射。如其不勝，一軍皆走，遣人致謝，即共和解，收取鬥死者聚食之，仍以髑髏將向王所。王即賜以冠，使為隊帥。無賦歛，有事均稅。用刑無常準，皆臨事科決。犯罪皆斷於鳥丫帥，不服，則上請於王，王令臣下共議定之。獄無枷鎖，唯用繩縛。決死刑以鐵錐，大如箸，長尺餘，鑽項殺之。輕罪用杖。俗無文字，望月盈虧以紀時節，候草木榮枯以為年歲。其人深目長鼻，頗類於胡，亦有小慧。無君臣上下之節、拜伏之禮。父子同床而寢。男子拔去髭鬚，身上有毛皆除去。婦人以墨鯨手，為蟲蛇之文。嫁娶以酒餚珠貝為聘。或男女相悅，便相匹耦。婦人產乳，必食子衣。產後以火自炙，令汗出，五日便平服。以木槽中暴海水為鹽，木汁為酢，釀米麴為酒，其味離薄。食皆用手。偶得異味，先進尊者。凡有宴會，執酒者必待呼名而後飲。上王酒者亦呼王名銜杯。其飲頗同突厥，歌呼蹋蹴，一人唱，衆皆和，音頗哀怨，扶女子上膊搖手而舞。死者氣將絕，轝至庭前，親朋哭泣相弔。浴其屍，以布帛纏之，裹以葦草，襯土而殯，上不起墳。子為父者，數月不食肉。其南境風俗少異，人有死者，邑里共食之。有熊、羆、豺、狼，尤多豬、雞；無牛、羊、驢、馬。厥田良沃。先以火燒，而引水灌。持一插，以石為刃，長尺餘，闊數寸，而墾之。土宜稻、梁、禾、黍、麻、赤豆、胡黑豆等。木有楓、栝、樟、松、梗、楠、枌、梓、竹、籐。果、藥同於江表。風土氣候與嶺南相類。俗祀山海之神，祭以酒餚。戰鬥殺人，便將所殺之人祭其神。或倚茂樹起小屋；或懸髑髏於樹上，以箭射之；或累石繫幡以為神主。王之所居，壁下多聚髑髏以為佳。人間門戶上必安獸頭骨角。大業元年，海師何蠻等言：「每春秋二時，天清風靜，東望依稀，似有煙霧之氣，亦不知幾千里」。三年，煬帝令羽騎尉朱寬入海訪異俗，何蠻言之，遂與蠻俱往。因到流求國，言不相通，掠一人而返。明年，帝復令寬慰撫之，不從，寬取其布甲而還。時倭國使來朝，見之曰：「此夷邪久國人所用也」。帝遣虎賁陳稜、朝請大夫張鎮周率兵，自義安浮海至高華嶼，又東行二日至𪓟鼊嶼，又一日便至流求。初，稜將南方諸國人從軍，有崑崙人頗解其語，遣人慰諭之，流求不從，拒逆官軍。稜擊走之，進至其都，焚其宮室，載軍實而還。自爾遂絕」。其陳稜傳曰：「大業三年拜虎賁中郎將，後三歲，與朝請大夫張鎮周發東陽兵萬餘人，自義安泛海擊流求國，月餘而至。流求人初見船艦，以為商旅，往往詣軍中貿易。稜率衆登岸，遣鎮周為先鋒。其主歡斯渴剌兜遣兵拒戰，鎮周頻擊破之。稜進至低沒檀洞，小王歡斯老模率兵拒戰，稜擊破之，斬老模。其日霧雨晦冥，將士皆懼。稜刑白馬祭海神，既而開霽。分為五軍，趨其都邑。渴剌兜率衆數千逆拒。稜又遣鎮周為先鋒，擊走之，乘勝逐北，至其柵。渴剌兜背柵而陣，稜盡銳擊之，從辰至未，苦鬥不息。渴剌兜自以軍疲，引入柵。稜遂填塹，攻破之，斬渴剌兜，獲其子島槌，虜男女數千而歸」。閩書亦曰：「福州之福盧山，當隋之時，曾掠琉球五千戶置此，尚有其裔」。是琉球者，臺灣之古名；今之琉球，古曰沖繩。蓉洲文稿曰：「臺灣、海中番島，考其源則琉球之餘種，自哈剌分支，近通日本，遠接呂宋，控南澳、阻銅山，以澎湖為外援」。哈喇之音似為渴剌，而波羅檀之地今在何處，或以為葫蘆墩，於音相近，或以為琅𤩝之部落。當隋之時，大安、大甲兩溪匯合一流，濁水以北，猶巨海也，波羅檀為海濱高原，王都於是，以固險也。故自隋書以至宋、元所言之琉球，多屬臺灣。

　　先是大中七年八月，商人欽良暉歸自日本，與倭僧圓珍同船，為北風漂至琉球，見岸上數十人各執刀戈，良暉大驚，圓珍力祈不動尊，既而風回，乃至福建；是為日人發見臺灣之始，其後遂不往來也。

　　唐貞觀間，馬來羣島洪水，不獲安處，各駕竹筏避難，漂泊而至臺灣。當是時，歡斯氏遭隋軍之後，國破民殘，勢窮蹙，馬人乃居於海澨，以殖其種。是為外族侵入臺灣之始。故臺灣小誌曰：「生番之語言，出自馬來者六之一，出自呂宋者十之一，迤北十七村多似斐利賓語，說者謂自南洋某島遷來」。其言近似。而統一之者為卑南王。王死之後，各社分立，以至今日。及唐中葉，施肩吾始率其族遷居澎湖。肩吾、汾水人，元和中舉進士，隱居不仕，有詩行世。其題澎湖一詩，鬼市、鹽水，足寫當時之景象。而終唐之世，竟無與臺灣交涉也。歷更五代，終及兩宋，中原板蕩，戰爭未息，漳、泉邊民漸來臺灣，而以北港為互市之口；故臺灣舊詩有「臺灣一名北港」之語。北港在雲林縣西，亦謂之「魍港」。當是時，馬人之在臺灣者族強勢大，遂攘土番而分據南北焉。淳熙之間，琉球酋長率數百輩，猝至泉之水澳、圍頭等村肆行殺掠。喜鐵器及匙筋，人閉戶則免，但刓其門鐶而去。擲以匙筋，則頫拾之。見鐵騎，爭刓其甲，駢首就戮而不知悔。臨敵用鏢鎗，繫繩十餘丈為操縱，蓋惜其鐵而不忍棄也。不駕舟楫，縛竹為筏，急則羣舁之，泅水而遁。與那國者，沖繩之一島也。昔有長耳國人渡來，掠人為害。與那國人謀防禦，造巨屨，投之海；長耳國人見而驚去。是為臺灣番族侵掠外洋之始，而此為馬人也。其黠者且乘艋舺渡大海至呂宋，以物交物，轉貿於高山之番，至今猶有存者。故宋史曰：「流求國在泉州之東，有海島曰澎湖，煙火相望。旁有毗舍耶國，語言不通，袒裸盱睢，殆非人類」。蒙古倔起，侵滅女真，金人泛海避亂，漂入臺灣。宋末零丁洋之敗，殘兵義士亦有至者。故各為部落，自耕自贍，同族相扶，以資捍衛。

　　元世祖既宅區夏，餘威震於殊俗，南洋諸島悉入帡幪。至元十八年，元師伐日本，至九州海上，遇颶熸焉。諸將各擇堅艦遁，至澎湖及臺灣西岸，再遇風，乃歸福建。二十三年，整兵造艦，謀再舉，未發而止。二十八年秋九月，命海船副萬戶楊祥、合迷、張文虎並為都元帥，將兵徵琉求，置左右兩萬戶府，官屬皆從祥選闢。既又用福建吳志鬥言祥不可信，宜先招諭之。乃以祥為宣撫使，佩虎符，阮鑒兵部員外郎，志鬥禮部員外郎，並銀符，齎詔往琉求。明年，不得達琉求而還。夫元之謀伐琉球，蓋欲以扼日本也。故元史曰：「琉求在南海之東，漳、泉、興、福四州界內。澎湖諸島與琉求相對，亦素不通。天氣清明時，望之隱約，若煙若霧，其遠不知幾千里也。西、南、北岸皆水，至澎湖漸低，近琉求則謂之落漈。漈者，水趨下而不回也。凡西岸漁舟到澎湖已下，遇颶風發作，漂流落漈，回者百一。琉求，在外夷最小而險者也，漢、唐以來，史所不載；近代諸番市舶，不聞至其國者。世祖至元二十八年九月，海船副萬戶楊祥請以六千軍往降之；不聽命，則遂伐之。朝廷從其請。繼有書生吳志鬥者，上言生長福建，熟知海道利病，以為若欲收附，且就澎湖發船往諭，相水勢地利，然後興兵未晚也。冬十月，乃命楊祥充宣撫使，給金符，吳志鬥禮部員外郎，阮鑒兵部員外郎，並給銀符，往使琉求。詔曰：「收撫江南已十七年，海外諸番罔不臣屬，唯琉求邇在閩境，未曾歸附，議者請即加兵。朕維祖宗立法：凡不庭之國，先遣使招諭，來則安堵如故；否則必致徵討。今止其兵，命楊祥、阮鑒往諭汝國，果能慕義來朝，存爾國祀，保爾黎蔗；若不效順，自恃險阻，舟師奄及，恐貽後悔。爾其慎擇之」！二十九年三月二十九日，自汀路尾澳舟行。至是日巳時，海洋中正東，望見有山長而低者，約去五十里。祥稱是琉求國，鑒稱不知的否。祥乘小舟至低山下，以其人衆，不敢自上岸，命軍官劉閏等二百餘人，以小舟十一艘載軍器，領三嶼人陳輝者登岸。岸上人衆不諳三嶼人語，為其殺死者三人，遂還。四月二日至澎湖，祥責鑒、志鬥已到琉求文字，二人不從。明日，不見志鬥蹤跡，覓之無有也。先是志鬥嘗斥言祥生事要功，欲取富貴，其言誕妄難信。至是疑祥害之。祥顧稱志鬥初言琉球不可往，今祥已至琉求而還，志鬥懼罪逃去。志鬥妻子訴於官。有旨發祥、鑒還福州置對，後遇赦，不竟其事。成宗大德元年，福建省平章政事高興言：「今立省泉州，距琉求為近，可伺其消息。或宜招宜伐，不必它調兵力，興請就近試之」。九月，高興遣省都鎮撫張浩、福州新軍萬戶張進赴琉求國，擒生口一百三十餘人而還」。是為中國再略臺灣之事。當是時，澎湖居民日多，已有一千六百餘人，貿易至者歲常數十艘，為泉外府。至元中，乃設巡檢司，隸同安。澎湖之置吏行政自茲始。

　　明初宇內未平，桀驁之徒聚為海寇，出入澎湖，以掠沿海。洪武五年，信國公湯和經略海上，議徙澎民於近郭，以絕邊患。廷議可之。二十年，遂廢巡檢，盡徙其人於漳、泉，而墟其地。自是澎湖遂為海寇巢窟。永樂中，太監鄭和舟下西洋，諸夷靡不貢獻，獨東番遠避不至。東番者，臺灣之番也。和惡之，率師入臺。東番降服。家貽一銅鈴，俾掛項間。其後人反寶之，富者至掇數枚。是為中國三略臺灣之事。初，和入臺，舟泊赤崁，取水大井。赤崁，番社名，為今臺南府治，其井尚存。而鳳山有三寶薑，居民食之疾瘳，雲為鄭和所遺。則和入臺且至內地，或謂在大岡山也。嘉靖四十二年，海寇林道乾亂，遁入臺灣。都督俞大猷追之至海上，知水道紆曲，時哨鹿耳門以歸，乃留偏師駐澎湖，尋罷之。居民又至，復設巡檢；已亦廢之。道乾既居臺灣，從者數百人，以兵劫土番，役之若奴。土番憤，議殺之。道乾知其謀，乃夜襲殺番，以血釁舟，埋巨金於打鼓山，逸之大年。

　　萬曆二十年，日本伐朝鮮，沿海戒嚴。哨者謂有將侵淡水、雞籠之議，明廷以澎湖密邇，議設兵戍險。二十五年，始設游兵，春冬汛守。於是澎湖復為中國版土。四十五年，日人入龍門港，遂有長戍之令。初，日本足利氏之末葉，政亂民窮，薩摩、肥前諸國之氓相聚為盜，駕八幡船，侵掠中國沿海，深入閩、浙，而以臺灣為往來之地，居於打鼓山麓，名曰高砂，或曰高山國。高砂為日本播州海濱之地，白沙青松，其境相似，故名；或曰是番社之名也。當是時，日本徵夷大將軍豐臣秀吉既伐朝鮮，謀併臺灣。二十一年十一月，命使者原田孫七郎至呂宋，途次賜書高山國，勸其入貢。書曰：「夫日輪所照臨，雖至海岳、山川、草木、禽蟲，莫不受他恩光也。予際欲處慈母胞胎之時，有瑞夢。其夜日光滿室，室中如晝，諸人不勝驚愕。相士相聚占卜之，曰：「壯年輝德色於四海，發威光於萬方之奇異也」。故不出十年之中，而誅不義，立有功，平定海內。異邦遐陬嚮風者，忽出鄉國，遠泛滄海，冠蓋相望，結轍於道，爭先而服從矣。朝鮮國者，自往代於本朝有牛耳盟，久背其約。況又予欲徵大明之日，有反謀。此故命諸將伐之。國王出奔，國城付一炬也。聞信已急，大明出數十萬援兵，雖及戰鬥，終依不得其利，來敕使於本邦肥之前州而乞降。繇之築十個城營，收兵於朝鮮域中慶尚道，而履決真偽也。如南蠻琉球者，年年獻土宜，海陸通舟車，而仰予德光。其國未入幕中，不進庭，罪彌天。雖然不知四方來享，分為其地疏志，故原田氏奉使命而發船。若是不來朝，可令諸將攻伐之。生長萬物者日也，枯渴萬物者亦日也。思之不具」！是為日本經略臺灣之始。三十二年，山田長政赴暹羅，途次臺灣。於時日本人在臺日多，或採金於哆囉滿，或寄居小琉球。既復攻雞籠番，脅取其地。明朝憂之，乃增澎湖遊兵。秀吉死，德川家康嗣大將軍，戡平內亂，圖遠略，獎勵海外貿易，其船之出洋者給朱印狀以保護之。四十三年，村山等安受高砂渡航朱印狀。等安，肥前人，奉景教，家康委以經略臺灣之事。欲利用其教以收服土番，乃率其子來。家康以兵三千與之，欲取為附庸。然以無援，故不成。先是中山遣使於明曰，日本有取臺灣之議，明廷命警備沿海，及是而罷。

　　天啟元年，海澄人顏思齊率其黨入居臺灣，鄭芝龍附之；事在其傳。於是漳、泉人至者日多，闢土田，建部落，以鎮撫土番，而番亦無猜焉。居無何，思齊死，衆無所立，乃奉芝龍為首。芝龍最少，才冠其羣，陸梁海上，官軍莫能抗。朝議招撫。以蔡善繼習芝龍，為書招之。芝龍感激歸命。及降，善繼坐戟門，令芝龍兄弟泥首，芝龍屈意下之，而一軍皆譁，竟叛去。復居臺灣，劫截商民，往來閩、粵之間。六年，泊於漳浦之白鎮，與官軍戰勝，遂趣中左所。中左所者，廈門也。督師俞咨皋與戰敗，又佚之。中左人開門納之。崇禎元年九月，率所部降於督師熊文燦，而其黨有留臺灣者。當是時，海寇曾一本、李魁奇先後據澎湖，以侵掠福建，嗣為官軍所滅。

　　先是萬曆初，有葡萄牙船航東海，途過臺灣之北。自外望之，山嶽如畫，樹木青蔥，名曰科摩沙，譯言美麗。是為歐人發見臺灣之始。越三十餘年，而荷人乃至矣。荷蘭為歐洲強國，當明中葉，侵奪爪哇，殖民略地，以開東洋貿易之利。萬曆二十九年，荷人駕夾板，攜巨砲，薄粵東之香山澳，乞互市。粵吏難之，不敢聞於朝。當是時，中國閉關自守，不知海外大勢，而華人之移殖南洋者已數百萬，政府且欲禁之。海澄人李錦久居大年，習荷語。其友潘秀、郭震亦賈於南洋者。錦見荷酋麻韋郎曰：「若欲通商，無如漳州。漳州之南有澎湖，南北交通之要地也，誠能踞而守之，則互市不難」。麻韋郎曰：「守土官不許，奈何」？曰：「稅使高寀嗜金錢，無遠慮，若厚賄之，必奏聞。得天子一報可，而守土官誰敢抗哉」？錦乃為作書，一移寀及兵備守將，令秀、震齎往。守將陶拱聖大駭，亟白當事，繫秀於獄。震懼不敢入。而荷人俟之久，三十七年秋七月，駕二巨艦抵澎湖。時明兵已撤，遂登陸，伐木築屋，為久居計。錦潛入漳州，詭言被獲逃歸。守吏知其事，並下獄。遣使說荷人去澎，不諧。高寀亦令密使周之範往見荷人，說以三萬金餽寀，即許互市。荷人喜，與約。事垂成矣，總兵施德政偵其事，檄都司沈有容將兵往諭。有容負膽智，大聲論辯。荷人心折，曰：「我從未聞此言」。索還所餽金，以貨物贈寀。寀不答。福建巡撫徐學聚亦嚴禁國人下海，犯者誅。錦等旋論死，而荷人亦去澎湖。

　　天啟二年，荷人再乞互市，不許，遂侵掠沿海。冬十月，荷將以船艦十七艘再至澎湖，據之。澎民數千謀拒守。荷人劫以兵，奪漁舟六百餘。築城媽宮，役死者千三百人。復於風櫃尾、金龜頭、嵵裏、白沙、漁翁諸島各造砲臺，以防守海道。初，荷人撤退澎湖之時，巡撫南居益上疏請修防備，未舉而荷人再至，復上疏請逐。天啟三年夏六月，以兵二千入鎮海港，破砲臺，進攻媽宮城。荷人恐，潛結海寇，以八船窺福建，出沒金、廈間。四年春正月，居益復遣總兵俞咨皋伐之，荷人大敗，禽其將高文律，斬之。八月，荷人請和，許之，與互市，乃退澎湖，而東入臺灣。先是，海澄人顏思齊居臺灣，鄭芝龍附之。既去，而荷人來，借地於土番。不可。紿之曰：「願得地如牛皮，多金不惜」。許之。乃剪皮為縷，周圍里許，築熱蘭遮城以居，駐兵二千八百人。附近土番多服焉。

　　六年夏五月，西班牙政府自呂宋派遠徵軍，以朗將之，率戰艦入據雞籠，築山嘉魯城，駐兵防守。而臺之南北遂為荷、西二國所割據。當荷人入臺之前，日本人已先在此；以臺灣為南洋所經之地，往來頻繁。及荷人至，課丁稅；日人以先來之故，不從，法令亦不能強其奉行。於是始與臺灣領事有隙。爪哇總督嘉爾匾芝欲挫日本貿易，擢其子俾敕爾盧為臺灣領事，且命至長崎理交涉之案。俾敕爾盧蒞任未久，而濱田彌兵衛之事起。初，長崎代官末次平藏受幕府命，航海往福州，途次澎湖，為荷人所苦。歸大憤，欲雪恥，謀諸長崎市人濱田彌兵衛。彌兵衛素負勇俠，慨然許之。與其弟小左工明子新藏率市中壯士十二人，以崇禎八年春三月二十日至臺。同船華人某告荷人。荷人驗其船，搜奪兵器及楫，留之。牒報爪哇總督，請處分。彌兵衛淹留四月，不得歸，罄售貨物，久之無所得食，憤甚。六月二十九日，率衆三人至領事廳，預伏援兵，面求解纜。不聽。彌兵衛大怒，直前劫之，左右愕眙，伏兵盡起。有執兵入衛者，新藏揮刀斬之，諸皆畏懼莫敢動。乃拉領事歸旅館。領事告其屬，示媾意。若日人果有復仇之心，則以兵拒之。彌兵衛亦慮有變，乃與立約。曰：以領事之子及官一、荷人三為質，而日本亦以末次平藏之姪及五人交質。曰：荷蘭領事須放前捕土番十一人及華人通譯，並歸其財產。曰：應以相抵之物贈彌兵衛，以洗前恥。曰：日本人所失華絲二萬觔，須以八萬六千盾賠償之。凡約五日而成，七月初四日交質。明日，囚荷人於長崎。既而領事之子瘐死獄中。其後七年，始放荷人歸國。自是日人之勢力始震於臺灣。及鎖港之令行而後絕跡。

　　二年，西人復入淡水，築羅岷古城，為犄角，駐領事，闢土田，以鎮撫土番。當是時，雞籠、淡水均為荒穢之地，華人亦少至者，草茀瘴毒，居者輒病死，故西人亦大費經營也。五年，西船遭颶至蛤仔難海岸，為土番劫殺，發兵討之。六年，西人始至大浪泵，南訖竹塹，謀殖民，而神甫輒遭番害，乃止。

　　當荷人入臺之時，福建沈鈇上書巡撫南居益曰：「紅夷潛退大灣，蓄意叵測。征兵調兵，殊費公帑。昨僭陳移檄暹羅，委官宣諭，約為共逐。未知可允行否？澎湖雖僻居海外，實泉、漳門戶也。無論紅夷灣泊，即日本、西洋呂宋諸國亦所必經，地最險要，山尤平坦。南有港門，直通西洋，紅夷築城據之。北有港門，名鎮海港，官兵渡澎居之。中間一澳，從南港門而入，名曰暗澳，可泊舟數百隻。四圍山地，可開作園，栽種黍稷瓜果，牧養牛羊牲畜，未可遽墾為田，以山多頑土，無泉可灌也。今欲使紅夷不敢居住澎湖，諸國不得往來澎湖，其策有六：一曰專設游擊一員，鎮守湖內；二曰招募精兵二千餘名，環守湖外；三曰造大船，製火器，備用防守；四曰招集兵民，開墾山蕩，以助糧食；五曰建設公署營房，以妥官兵；六曰開通東西洋呂宋商船，以備緩急。此六議似當斟酌舉行者。夫澎湖險地，什倍南澳，地在海島，夙盜藪也。萬曆初年，撫臺劉凝齋公祖移會廣東制臺，題設副總兵坐鎮於中，抵今兵民完聚，田土開闢，屹為海邦重鎮，俾夷不敢窺伺，漳、潮賴以安枕，信明驗矣。今澎湖可倣而行之；請設游擊一員，坐鎮湖內，仍設左右翼把總哨官，為之輔佐，擇閩中慣歷風濤、諳練水路者充之；無事則演藝守汛，有事則料敵出奇，俾諸夷不得復窺中土。並議久任責成，凡兵之進退、糧之出入，咸游擊是賴，三載加銜，六載成勣，特陞大將。每歲或委廉幹佐貳，不時查點。如兵士有虛捏、月糧有剋減，參處查究，追出銀兩以充兵餉；庶知勸懲，永奠沃壤。殆與南澳一鎮，並為閩中屏翰矣。此議設游擊之策一也。夫有官守，必有兵戍。戍守哨探之兵，非二千餘名不可。每名月糧九錢，此定例也。其糧餉或出自漳、泉二府，或支自布政司庫，原有定議。沿海捕魚之民，慎擇以充之。或撥出洋遠探若干名，遇賊則攻擊之；或撥港內守城若干名，有警則應援之。游擊標下親兵與把總哨官人役，各自另設，不許占用水陸戍兵一人，不許虛冒戍兵月糧一分。其月糧按季開支。該道委海防館照名數鑿鑿包封，逐名唱給，不許將官總哨代領，以防剋減；尤不許防館吏書需索常例，以奪兵食。此游兵營堡宿弊，亟宜申明禁革之。凡汛地之守探，具數總報院道，以便查考。夷情之緩急，飛報院道防館，以便調度。一或誤事，自有軍法。庶水陸並進，犬牙相制；澎島一帶，可保無虞。此議戍兵之策二也。夫各寨游船，每板薄釘稀，委官製造，價銀十不給半，一遇海濤，便自潰裂，安可出戰？今宜令駕船者領價監造。每船歷幾汛方許修理，載幾汛方許改拆，而拆造僅給半價，則造船駕船均出一手，或不敢以敝漏之舟，自試蛟龍之窟耳。若火藥，尤紅夷所懼者。中左所火攻，已破其膽。火舟四集，自爾宵遁，則火舟當多備明甚。而大銃大船尤不可少者。宜造大船十餘隻，安置大銃十餘門，布列港口，俟賊至夾攻之。夷酋憚我長技，不惟不敢侵我疆土，且遠遁無敢再出矣。此議造船火器之策三也。澎湖山地，雖雲頑土，不堪墾田，而遍度膏腴之區，或可播種禾穀者。即黍、稷、麻豆、甘蔗、果木，均可充兵民口食之需。須廣招同安、海澄濱海黎庶乏田園可耕者，多四、五百人，少亦二、三百人，俾挈犁鋤種子以往。就居撥地，聽其墾種。每人量給二、三十畝，仍帶妻子，方成家業。並畜牛羊，捕釣魚類，少資糊口。仍禁游擊總哨各官，不許索租粒食。各戍兵下班之日，有能用力種植者亦聽之。明示十年以內，決不抽稅。俟十年以後，田園果熟，酌量每畝抽銀二、三分，以為犒賞官兵之費用。務使民兵相安，永遠樂業。此議招民開墾園地之策四也。夫官既守海，必有公廨居之。戍兵、寓民，亦須藉營房、寮舍為藏身計。今議蓋游擊府公署，或在鎮海港口，或在娘媽宮前，當查舊基擴充之。標兵量撥百名，環列左右。仍設倉廒數間，為貯糧之所。擇寬廣為較場，以備操練。而暗澳口相對二銃城及東北面大中墩，各量置營舍，以為守禦，方免各兵暴露。船兵營兵輪流撥用，少均勞逸。即招募種植民居，就今自蓋房舍，或官量給房價，咸附兵營居住，相依為命，守望相助。此議設官廨、兵營之策五也。夫澎湖大灣上下，官兵船隻把港，則番船不許出入，紅夷不許互市，無待言者。然泉、漳二郡商民，販東西兩洋，以代農賈之利，比比然也。自紅夷肆掠，洋船不通，海禁日嚴，民生憔悴。一夥豪右姦民，倚藉勢官，結納游總官兵，或假給東粵高州、閩省福州及蘇、杭買貨文引，載貨物出外海，徑往交趾、日本、呂宋等國買賣覓利。中以硝磺器械違禁，接濟更多，不但米糧飲食也。禁愈急而豪右出沒愈神，法愈嚴而衙役賣放更飽。且恐此輩營生無路，東奔西竄，如李旦、黃明佐之儔仍走夷鄉，代為畫策，更可慮也。故不如俟澎湖島設兵鎮後，紅夷息肩，暫復舊例，聽洋商明給文引，往販東西二洋。經過澎湖，赴游府驗引放行，不許需索阻滯。回船之日，若有夷人在船，即拿送上司，以姦細論。庶可生意飽商民之腹，亦可以夷增中國之利。俟澎湖設官建城之後，可徐議為之。此議通商便民之策六也。以上迂議六款，似可為澎湖善後之一助。而通商一款，亦聊備後日變通之微權。伏望憲臺不棄迂朽，仍會藩、臬、巡海、守巡司道洎總兵、副、參等衙門。面議停妥，一面題請，一面舉行。非但澎湖一島堪與南澳並稱重鎮，而八閩士民永有攸賴矣」。居益不從。

　　八年，給事中何楷奏陳靖海之策，其言曰：「今欲靖寇氛，非墟其窟不可。其窟維何？臺灣是也。臺灣在澎湖島外，距漳、泉止兩日夜程，地廣而腴。初，貧民至其地，窺漁鹽之利，後見兵威不及，往往聚而為盜。近則紅毛築城其中，與姦民互市，屹然一大部落。墟之之計，非可干戈從事，必嚴通海之禁，俾紅毛無從謀利，姦民無從得食，出兵四犯，我乘其虛而擊之，可大得志。紅毛舍此而去，然後海氛可靖也」。不聽。

　　十年，荷人犯粵東，乞互市，不許，歸而整理臺灣。先是東印度公司經營爪哇，及據臺灣，更增勢力。數年之間，地利日闢。厥土黑壤，一歲三熟。而華人來者日多，凡有一萬五、六千人，以與中國、日本互市。守吏俸祿薄，不足用，亦各營商業，博私利。於是荷人商務冠於東洋。然課稅繁重。制王田，募民耕之，計田以甲，每丁徵稅四盾。領臺之初，歲收三千一百盾，其後增至三萬三千七百盾。蓋移殖者衆，而歲入亦巨也。

　　十二年，東印度公司派員來臺，視行政。六月，荷將郎必即里哥率夾板犯閩浙，閩撫鄒維璉拜鄭芝龍為將，破之。自是不敢窺閩海。

　　十三年，荷人以西人之據北鄙也，上書爪哇總督，欲發兵逐之。而西人方與葡萄牙合，謀奪其海權。然荷人國力方盛。夏五月，臺灣領事波宇烈士致書西人，請撤退，曰：「餘不忍生民罹禍，女其速舉城降」。西領事昂薩路復曰：「城固在也，女其來取」！八月，荷人以戰艦攻雞籠，不勝。已而呂宋有事，裁戍兵，荷人乘勢攻之。翌年春三月，又以兵五百伐淡水。西人戰不利，閉城守，久而援絕。九月初四日，乃棄城走。凡西人據臺十六年，而為荷人所逐。

　　弘光元年，臺灣領事集歸化土番之長老，設評議會，以布自治之制。分番社為南、北二路，立村長，理民政，奉領事約束。每年三月初八日開於北路，四月初四日開於南路。其時歸化番社，曰新港，曰目加溜灣，曰蕭壟，曰麻荳，曰大穆降，曰大傑顛。每年五月初二日，主計官集公所，召商贌社，謂之社商。凡番耕獵之物悉畀之，而與以日用之物。其令嚴密，番莫敢犯。當是時，土地初闢，森林未伐，麋鹿之屬滿山谷，獵者領照納稅，其皮折餉，售於日本，肉則為脯。荷人以牧畜之利，南北二路設牛頭司，放牧生息，千百成羣。犢大，設欄禽之，以耕以輓。

　　永曆二年。荷人始設耶穌教堂於新港社，入教者已二千餘人。各社設小學，每學三十人，課以荷語、荷文及新舊約。牧師嘉濟宇士又以番語譯耶教問答及摩西十誡授番童，拔其畢業者為教習。於是番人多習羅馬字，能作書。削鵝管略尖斜，註墨於中，揮寫甚速，凡契券公文均用之。三年，五學學生凡六百餘名。荷人又與番婦婚，教化之力日進。

　　十年，荷人復築城赤崁，背山面海，置巨砲，增戍兵，與熱蘭遮城相犄角。華人移住雖多，終為所苦，遂進而謀獨立。十一年，甲螺郭懷一集同志，欲逐荷人，事洩被戮。懷一在臺開墾，家富尚義，多結納，因憤荷人之虐，思殲滅之。九月朔，集其黨，醉以酒，激之曰：「諸君為紅毛所虐，不久皆相率而死。然死等耳，計不如一戰。戰而勝，臺灣我有也。否則亦一死。唯諸君圖之」！衆皆憤激欲動。初七夜伏兵於外，放火焚市街，居民大擾，屠荷人，乘勢迫城。城兵少，不足守，急報熱蘭遮。荷將富爾馬率兵一百二十名來援，擊退之。又集歸附土番，合兵進擊，大戰於大湖，郭軍又敗，死者約四千。是役華人誅夷者千數百人。

　　懷一之謀既挫，數年無事。及聞延平郡王鄭成功威震東南，荷人恐，增兵備。而成功以中原多故，未遑徵討。金陵敗後，窮蹙兩島，乃稍稍議遷。荷人亦大戒嚴，輒捕華人之富家為質，遇有嫌疑，即囚之，或殺之。華人含恨，遂洶洶欲動。十四年，臺灣領事鄂易度請援於印度公司。命爪哇派艦十二，運兵來守。於是臺灣戍兵計有三千五百人。艦將以為無恐，移書廈門，詰成功曰：「若欲戰乎？抑欲和乎」？成功答曰：「餘不欲戰也」。而臺灣領事終不釋。荷蘭評議會謂其多事，召歸兵艦。艦長既還，遂劾鄂易度畏怖，將召歸，以郭冷谷代之。未至而鄭師來伐。

　　十五年，成功在兩島，地蹙軍孤，議取臺灣。適荷蘭甲螺何斌負債走廈，盛陳沃野千里，為天府之國，且言可取狀。成功覽其圖嘆曰：「此亦海外之扶餘也」！召諸部計議。吳豪對曰：「藩主以進取臺灣下問，豪聞其水路險惡，砲臺堅利，縱有奇謀，亦無所用，不如勿取」。成功曰：「此常俗之見，不足用於今日」。黃廷曰：「果如吳豪之言，是以兵與敵也。勿取為便」。成功又曰：「此亦常見爾」。馬信曰：「藩主所慮者，以諸島難以久拒清人也。夫欲壯其枝葉，必先固其根本，此萬全之計。今乘將士閒暇，不如先統一旅，往視其地，可取則取，否則作為後圖，亦未為晚」。而諸將終以險遠為難。唯楊朝棟力陳可取。成功意銳，捩舵束甲，率兵二萬五千，三月泊澎湖，令陳廣、楊祖、林福、張在守之。狥曰：「本藩矢志恢復，念切中興。曩者出師北討，未奏膚功，故率我將士，冒波濤，欲闢不服之地，暫寄軍旅，養晦待時。非敢貪戀海外，苟延安樂也。唯天唯祖宗之靈，其克相餘」！至鹿耳門，則水驟漲丈餘，大小戰艦啣尾而渡，縱橫畢入。荷人大驚，以為自天而下。引兵登陸，克赤崁城。荷人退保熱蘭遮，以兵二百四十擊鄭師。鄭師四千繞城戰，荷軍大敗，亡一隊長。而鄭艦亦擊沉荷艦，餘悉遁。荷艦摩阿利走報爪哇，阻風五十三日始達。鄭師攻城不下。四月二十六日，成功命使者以書告曰：「執事率數百之衆，困守城中，何足以抗我軍？而餘尤怪執事之不智也。夫天下之人固不樂死於非命，餘之數告執事者，蓋為貴國人民之性命，不忍陷之瘡痍爾。今再命使者前往致意，願執事熟思之。執事若知不敵，獻城降，則餘當以誠意相待。否則我軍攻城，而執事始揭白旗，則餘亦止戰，以待後命。我軍入城之時，餘嚴飭將士，秋毫無犯，一聽貴國人民之去。若有願留者，餘亦保衛之，與華人同。夫戰敗而和，古有明訓；臨事不斷，智者所譏。貴國人民遠渡重洋，經營臺島，至勢不得已而謀自衛之道，固餘之所壯也。然臺灣者，中國之土地也，久為貴國所踞。今餘既來索，則地當歸我，珍瑤不急之物悉聽而歸。若執事不聽，可揭紅旗請戰，餘亦立馬以觀，毋游移而不決也。生死之權，在餘掌中，見機而作，不俟終日。唯執事圖之」！鄂易度復書不從。其明日果樹紅旗，聚男子於城中，毀市街。鄭師攻之不克，乃築長圍以困之，出略平野。於是多殺荷人，報宿怨也。鄭師捕其商人羅谷具，令入城勸降。荷人不從。又捕其民五百，悉斬以狥。爪哇評議會既劾鄂易度，以郭冷谷代之；方二月而摩阿利至，始知鄭師伐臺，乃復鄂易度之職，派兵七百、船十艘馳援。郭冷谷既至臺灣，遠望紅旗，而港口又鄭艦雲集，懼嚮日本而去。既而爪哇援兵踵至，城兵亦乘勢出擊。鄭師力戰，荷軍又敗，失船二。乃召回雞籠、淡水戍兵，潛載婦孺逃歸，謀死守。於是鄭師暫息。會清使自福州來，約荷人先取金、廈，荷人從之，調軍艦五艘往，遭風破沒，餘艦又歸爪哇，而臺灣之兵力愈薄。當鄭師之按兵也，有華人自城中出，請急攻，陷其南隅。荷人恐。成功又告之，乃降。十二月初三日，率殘兵千人而去，而臺灣復為中國有矣。是役也，陷圍七月，荷兵死者千六百人。自天啟四年，至永曆十五年，荷蘭據有臺灣凡三十八年，而為成功所逐。於是鄭成功之威名震乎寰宇。

　　連橫曰：臺灣之名，始於何時，志乘不詳，稱謂互異。我民族生斯長斯，聚族於斯，而不知臺灣之名義，毋亦數典而忘其祖歟？餘嘗考之史籍，驗之地望，隋、唐之際，以及宋、元，皆稱琉球。明人不察，乃呼東番。故「鳳山縣誌」曰：「或元以前，此地與澎湖共為一國，而同名琉球」。「臺灣小誌」亦曰：「閩人初呼臺灣為小琉球，而稱沖繩為大琉球」。稱臺灣為小琉球，不知其何所據？「文獻通考」謂琉球在泉州之東，有島曰澎湖，水行五日而至，旁為毗舍耶。「臺海使槎錄」謂毗舍耶則指臺灣，非也。毗舍耶為呂宋羣島之一，密邇臺灣，其名猶存，故曰其旁也。而舊時之稱者曰北港。「方輿紀略」曰：「澎湖為漳、泉門戶，而北港即澎湖之唇齒。失北港則唇亡齒寒，不特澎湖可慮，即漳、泉亦可憂也。北港在澎湖東南，亦謂之臺灣」。按北港一名「魍港」，即今之「笨港」，地在雲林縣西，曩為海舶出入之口，而往來者遂以北港名臺灣也。「臺灣縣誌」曰：「荷蘭入北港，築城以居，因稱臺灣」。然臺灣之名果始於荷人否？志稱荷蘭設市於北，築磚城，制若崇臺。海濱沙環水曲曰灣，又泊舟處概謂之灣。此臺灣所由名也。如志所言，拘泥文字，以為附會之說，臺灣果出荷人，則荷人著書當用其名，何以又稱為小琉球耶？「蓉洲文稿」曰：「萬曆間，海寇顏思齊踞有其地，始稱臺灣」。思齊踞臺早於荷人三年，若徵此說，則臺灣非出於荷人也明矣。然「蓉洲」之說亦有未確者。「瀛壖百詠序」曰：「明季周嬰「遠遊篇」載東番一篇，稱其地為臺員，蓋閩音之訛也」。臺灣之名入中國始於此。據是則土番之時，閩人已呼東番為臺灣矣。周嬰，閩之莆田人。當明中葉，漳泉、人已有入臺僑住者，一葦可航，聞見較確。或曰：臺灣原名「埋冤」，為漳、泉人所號。明代漳、泉人入臺者，每為天氣所虐，居者輒病死，不得歸，故以埋冤名之，志慘也。其後以「埋冤」為不祥，乃改今名。是亦有說。延平入處，建號東都。經立，改名東寧。是則我民族所肇造，而保守勿替者。然則我臺人當溯其本，右啟後人，以毋忘蓽路藍縷之功也。

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 臺灣通史 ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.