The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the United States, Volume 6
The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the United States, Volume 6
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Title: History of the United States, Volume 6
Author: Elisha Benjamin Andrews
Release date: December 24, 2007 [eBook #24023]
Most recently updated: December 6, 2021
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Don Kostuch
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, VOLUME 6 ***
[Transcriber's Notes]
Text has been moved to avoid fragmentation of sentences and paragraphs.
This is the last volume in a set of six. The other five volumes are at:
Volume I -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20925
Volume II -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22567
Volume III -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/23748
Volume IV -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22676
Volume V -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22777
Here are the definitions of some uncommon words.
capitation
Numbering or assessing by the head. Poll tax. Fee or payment of a
uniform amount for each person.
and other things useful to farmers, was passed as an offset to the
Reciprocity Bill which was deemed by some to be disadvantageous to them.
The President vetoed all of these measures upon the ground that, since
the Tariff Board was to make its report within a very short time, it
would be wiser to defer action on the tariff until the report could be
used.
The Reciprocity Bill, which met the approval of the President, provided
that our markets should be free to Canada's leading agricultural
products, live-stock, fish, lumber, etc. Print paper and wood pulp were
also to be admitted as soon as the Canadian provincial governments
should withdraw the restrictions upon the exportation of these products.
The duties on some other products--iron ore, for example--were to be
reduced. Canada was asked to admit free our agricultural products,
live-stock, etc., and to reduce the duties on coal, agricultural
implements, and some other manufactured goods. The September elections
in Canada, however, showed that the reciprocity treaty was not
acceptable, for the Conservative party, which was strongly opposed to
the plan, gained a decisive victory. The act as passed by Congress still
remains law in the United States, and stands as a constant invitation to
our Canadian neighbors to join us in developing commercial relations on
the western continent.
What effect will this Progressive movement have upon party organization?
As matters stand at present there are in reality four parties within the
bonds of the two old parties--(1) the Conservative Republicans of the
East; (2) the Conservative Democrats of the South; (3) the Progressive
Republicans of the West; (4) the Progressive Democrats of the West. Out
of this tangle it appears that either a new party will be formed by the
combination of the Progressives of both old parties, or this Progressive
movement must gain control of one or the other of these parties. Should
the former happen, we may see the peculiar alliance of New
England and
the South.
President Taft, it is maintained by many of his supporters, is himself a
Progressive, and they point to his attitude toward the great questions
of the hour. He urged, they say, reciprocity with Canada; called for
revision of the tariff in the light of facts and scientific tests;
proclaimed unlimited arbitration; advocated the conservation of our
natural resources, income taxation, extension of civil service reform,
employers' liability, and economy in the administration of governmental
affairs.
In answer it is asserted that President Taft declared the Payne-Aldrich
tariff law to be the best ever passed upon the subject, and that his
advisers and supporters in all of the congressional contests over vital
measures were the senators and representatives known as reactionaries or
standpatters.
[1912]
President Taft himself, a few months before the convening of the
Republican convention called to meet in Chicago, June 16, 1912, stated
his honesty of intention in the following words: "I am very grateful for
the honors the people have given me. I do not affect to deny the
satisfaction I should feel if, after casting up the totals pro and con
and striking a balance, they should decide that my first term had been
fruitful enough of good to warrant their enlisting me for another. Any
man would be proud of such a verdict. But I have not been willing, nor
shall I be, to purchase it at the sacrifice of my freedom to do my duty
as I see it. My happiness is not dependent on holding any office, and I
shall go back to private life with no heartburnings if the people,
after an unprejudiced review of my administration, conclude that some
one else can serve them to their greater advantage."
One thing is certain: the idea of government by the people has come into
our national politics to stay. It now controls one-third of the votes in
the Senate and has affected the laws of two-thirds of the States. The
end sought is good government responsible to popular rule. Through this
rule justice for all is sought; equality of opportunity in political and
industrial life; the safeguarding of the interests and well-being of
all; and through this rule an honest attempt is being made to establish
a government which will render the best service for the community,
guaranteeing to each individual all his rights, but no more than his
rights.
APPENDIX
I
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this
CONSTITUTION for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I
SECTION 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a
House of Representatives.
SECT. II. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that
State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according to
their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years
after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and
Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
Executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
SECT. III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six
years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes.
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the
expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of
the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth
year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if
vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the
legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then
fill such vacancies.
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he
shall be chosen.
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President
pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
exercise the office of President of the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two
thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party
convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial,
judgment and punishment, according to law.
SECT. IV. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for
Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the
legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
law appoint a different day.
SECT. V. 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and
qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as each house
may provide.
2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its
members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two thirds,
expel a member.
3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment
require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on
any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be
entered on the journal.
4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other
place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.
SECT. VI. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a
compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out
of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases except
treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and
in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any
office under the United States shall be a member of either house during
his continuance in office.
SECT. VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House
of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments
as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and
the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President
of the United States; if he approve he shall sign, it, but if not he
shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal,
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds
of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together
with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be
reconsidered, and, if approved by two thirds of that house, It shall
become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses
shall be
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and
against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house
respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within
ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,
the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it
shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of
the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
SECT. VIII. The Congress shall have power
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the
debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the
United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform
throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
States, and with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and
fix the standard of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
current coin of the United States;
7. To establish post offices and post roads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts by securing for
limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
respective writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
seas and offences against the law of nations;
11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
concerning captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
use shall be for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and
naval forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the
United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of
the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of
government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all
places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State, in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals,
dockyards, and other needful buildings;
--and
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this
Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any
department or office thereof.
SECT. IX. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
States now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight;
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may
require it.
3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be
taken.
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound
to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in
another.
7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of
appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
time to time.
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.
SECT. X. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit
bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in
payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law
impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and
imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use
of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject
to the revision and control of the Congress.
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as
will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II
SECTION 1. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
term, be elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators
and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress;
but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
[The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the
same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the
persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and
have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person
have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said house
shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the
President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the
electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or
more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot
the Vice-President.]
3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
throughout the United States.
4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be
eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
States.
5. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death,
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress
may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what
officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act
accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be
elected.
6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a
compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of
them.
7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I
will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States,
and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States."
SECT. II. 1. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states,
when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require
the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the
executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and
pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of
impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present
concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
and which be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the
appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which
shall expire at the end of their next session.
SECT. III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information
of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in
case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of
adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take
care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the
officers of the United States. \
SECT. IV. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers of the
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III
SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time
to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and
inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation,
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
SECT. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States,
and treaties made or which shall be made, under their authority;--to all
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;--to
all cases of admiralty jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the
United States shall be a party;--to controversies between two or more
States;--between a State and citizens of another State;--between
citizens of different States;--between citizens of the same State
claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or
the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as
to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the
Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by
jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
directed.
SECT. III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or
forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted.
ARTICLE IV
SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And
the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
SECT. II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
be due.
SECT. III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction
of two or more States, or parts of States, without the Consent of the
legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of
any particular State.
SECT. IV. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against
invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive
(when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case
shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the
several States, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
provided that no amendments which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI
I. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be
made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be
made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law
of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of
the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers,
both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by
oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test
shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the United States.
ARTICLE VII
The ratification of the conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
ratifying the same.
Done in Convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the
seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and eighty-seven and of the Independence of the United States of
America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our
names.
[Signed by]
GO. WASHINGTON,
Presidt and Deputy from Virginia.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King.
CONNECTICUT.
Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman.
NEW YORK.
Alexander Hamilton.
NEW JERSEY.
Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm: Paterson, Jona: Dayton.
PENNSYLVANIA.
B Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer,
Tho. Fitz Simons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv Morris.
DELAWARE.
Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford, Jun, John Dickinson,
Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom.
MARYLAND.
James McHenry, Dan of St. Thos. Jenifer, Danl Carroll.
VIRGINIA.
John Blair, James Madison, Jr.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Wm. Blount, Richd. Dobbs Spaight, Hu Williamson.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney,
Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler.
GEORGIA.
William Few, Abr Baldwin.
Attest:
William Jackson, Secretary.
ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO AND AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND
RATIFIED BY THE LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT
TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.--Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the
freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
ARTICLE II.--A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall
not be infringed.
ARTICLE III.--No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a
manner to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.--The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable
cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.--No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a
grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in
the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI.--In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State
and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII.--In suits at common law, where the value in controversy
shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be
preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in
any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the
common law.
ARTICLE VIII.--Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights,
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the
people.
ARTICLE X.--The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
States respectively, or to the people.
ARTICLE XI.--The judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another
State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.--Section 1. The electors shall meet in their respective
States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as
President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as
Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted
for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify,
and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate;--the President of the Senate
shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open
all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--the person
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons
having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those
voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President,
the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives
shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve
upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the
Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or
other
constitutional disability of the President.
Section 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as
Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a
majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
consist of two thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible
to that of Vice-President of the United States.
ARTICLE XIII.--Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.--Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the
United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and
Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the
legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States,
or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the
proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress,
or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But
Congress may by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such
disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall
not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims
shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate
legislation the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV.--Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
II
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
ARTICLE 1.--The style of this Confederacy shall be, "The United States
of America."
ART. II.--Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence,
and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
Confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress
assembled.
ART. III.--The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of
friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of
their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding
themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks
made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty,
trade, or any other pretense whatever.
ART. IV.--The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and
intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union, the
free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and
fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and
immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of
each State shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other
State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce
subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the
inhabitants thereof respectively; provided that such restrictions shall
not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into
any State to any other State of which the Owner is an inhabitant;
provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall be laid
by any State on the property of the United States or either of them. If
any person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or other high
misdemeanor in any State shall flee from justice and be found in any of
the United States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive
power of the States from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to
the State having jurisdiction of his offense. Full faith and credit
shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and
judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State.
ART. V.--For the more convenient management of the general interests of
the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner
as the Legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on
the first Monday in November in every year with a power reserved to each
State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the
year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more
than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate
for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any
person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the
United States for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any
salary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each State shall maintain its
own delegates in any meeting of the States and while they act as members
of the Committee of the States. In determining questions in the United
States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of
speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in
any court or place out of Congress; and the members of Congress shall be
protected in their persons from arrest and imprisonment during the time
of their going to and from, and attendance on, Congress, except for
treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
ART. VI.--No State, without the consent of the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with
any king, prince, or state; nor shall any person holding any office of
profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any
present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king,
prince, or foreign state; nor shall the United States, in Congress
assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or
alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for
which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.
No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any
stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in Congress
assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties
already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except
such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States, in
Congress assembled, for the defense of such State or its trade, nor
shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace,
except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts
necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always
keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and
accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use in
public stores a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper
quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.
No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United
States, in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by
enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being
formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is
so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States, in
Congress assembled, can be consulted; nor shall any State grant
commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or
reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States,
in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and
the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under
such regulations as shall be established by the United States, in
Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which
case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so
long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall determine otherwise.
ART. VII.--When land forces are raised by any State for the common
defense, all officers of or under the rank of Colonel shall be appointed
by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall
be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all
vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the
appointment.
ART. VIII.--All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be
incurred for the common defense, or general welfare, and allowed by the
United States, in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common
treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States in proportion to
the value of all land within each State, granted to, or surveyed for,
any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon
shall be estimated, according to such mode as the United States, in
Congress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The
taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the
authority and direction of the Legislatures of the several States,
within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled.
ART. IX.--The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the sole
and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in
the cases mentioned in the sixth Article; of sending and receiving
ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no
treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the
respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and
duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or
commodities whatever; of establishing rules for deciding, in all cases,
what captures on land and water shall be legal, and in what manner
prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States
shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and
reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies
and felonies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts for
receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures;
provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of
the said courts.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also be the last resort
on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that
hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary,
jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always
be exercised in the manner following: Whenever the legislative or
executive authority, or lawful agent of any State in controversy with
another, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in
question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by
order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other
State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint,
by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for
hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot
agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United
States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately
strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be
reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more
than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of
Congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose names shall be so
drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear
and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the
judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination; and if
either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without
showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present,
shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three
persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in
behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence
of the Court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be
final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit
to the authority of such Court, or to appear or defend their claim or
cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or
judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment
or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to
Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the
parties concerned; provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in
judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of
the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be
tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question,
according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope
of reward." Provided, also, that no State shall be deprived of territory
for the benefit of the United States.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under
different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions, as they may
respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are
adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time
claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of
jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress of
the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same
manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting
territorial jurisdiction between different States.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also have the sole and
exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin
struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States;
fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United
States; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians,
not members of any of the States; provided that the legislative right of
any State, within its own limits, be not infringed or violated;
establishing and regulating post offices from one State to another,
throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the
papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the
expenses of the said office; appointing all officers of the land forces
in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers;
appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all
officers whatever in the service of the United States; making rules for
the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and
directing their operations.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have authority to
appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated
"A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each
State, and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be
necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under
their direction; to appoint one of their number to preside; provided
that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than
one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of
money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to
appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses; to
borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States,
transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the
sums of money so borrowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to
agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each
State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in
such State, which requisition shall be binding; and thereupon the
Legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise
the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like manner, at
the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed,
armed, and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the
time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled; but if the
United States, in Congress assembled, shall, on consideration of
circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or
should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State
should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra
number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the
same manner as the quota of such State, unless the Legislature of such
State shall judge that such extra number can not be safely spared out of
the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and
equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared,
and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped shall march to
the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States,
in Congress assembled.
The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never engage in a war,
nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter
into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense
and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor
borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money,
nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or
the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander
in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same, nor
shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to
day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United
States, in Congress assembled.
The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any
time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that
no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six
months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly,
except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military
operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays
of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be entered on the
journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a
State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with
a transcript of the said journal except such parts as are above
excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States.
ART. X.--The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be
authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of
Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of
nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them
with; provided that no power be delegated to the said Committee, for the
exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine
States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.
ART. XI.--Canada, acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the
measures of the United States shall be admitted into, and entitled to
all the advantages of this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted
into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.
ART. XII.--All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts
contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling
of the United States, in pursuance of the present Confederation, shall
be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for
payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public
faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
ART. XIII.--Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United
States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this
Confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this
Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union
shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be
made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress
of the United Stares, and be afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of
every State.
AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline
the hearts of the Legislatures we respectively represent in Congress to
approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said Articles of
Confederation and perpetual Union, know ye, that we, the undersigned
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that
purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our
respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and
every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and all
and singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further
solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents,
that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in
Congress assembled, on all questions which by the said Confederation are
submitted to them; and that the Articles thereof shall be inviolably
observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union
shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands
in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the
ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year
of the Independence of America.
III
THE
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE
IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776
THE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of
Independence, accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was
adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was
agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the
Journal for that day:
"Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a
committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the
Declaration; and, after some time, the president resumed the chair, and
Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a Declaration,
which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed
to as follows:"
A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another,
and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a
decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should
declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident--that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That,
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving
their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any
form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of
the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government,
laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and,
accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to
suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it
is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these
colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter
their former systems of government. The history of the present king of
Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all
having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over
these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary
for the public good.
2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should
be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
to them.
3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
representation in the Legislature--a right inestimable to them, and
formidable to tyrants only.
4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;
the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of
invasions from without, and convulsions within.
7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising
the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure on
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.
11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the
consent of our Legislatures.
12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior
to, the civil power.
13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign
to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent
to their acts of pretended legislation;
14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;
16. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
17. For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial
by jury;
19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.
21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.
22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection, and waging war against us.
24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people.
25. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries
to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
nation.
26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages,
whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in
the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by
repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act
which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations,
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.
We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our
separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind--enemies in
war; in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war,
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other
acts and things which independent Stales may of right do. And for the
support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of
Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor.
The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and
signed by the following members:
JOHN HANCOCK.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.
MASSACHUSETTS BAY.
Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry.
RHODE ISLAND.
Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.
CONNECTICUT.
Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott.
NEW YORK.
William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.
NEW JERSEY.
Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George
Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross.
DELAWARE.
Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean.
MARYLAND.
Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of
Carrollton.
VIRGINIA.
George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison,
Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.
NORTH CAROLINA.
William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun.,
Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton.
GEORGIA.
Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.
IV-
PRESIDENTS OF THE
UNITED STATES
NAMES
STATE
PARTY
YEARS
VICE-PRESIDENT
1
George Washington
Virginia
All
Parties
1789-1797
John Adams
2
John
Adams
Mass
Federalist
1797-1801
Thomas Jefferson
3
Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
Republican
1801-1809
Aaron Burr
George Clinton
4
James Madison
Virginia
Republican
1809-1817
George
Clinton
Elbridge Gerry
5
James Monroe
Virginia
Republican
1817-1825
Daniel D.
Tompkins
6
John Quincy Adams
Mass
Republican
1825-1829
John C. Calhoun
7
Andrew Jackson
Tennessee
Democratic
1829-1837
John C. Calhoun
Martin Van Buren
8
Martin Van Buren
New York
Democratic
1837-1841
Richard M. Johnson
9
William H. Harrison
Ohio
Whig
1841-1841
John Tyler
10
John Tyler
Virginia
(Whig)
1841-1845
11
James K. Polk
Tennessee
Democratic
1845-1849
George M. Dallas
12
Zachary Taylor
Louisiana
Whig
1849-1850
Millard Fillmore
13
Millard Fillmore
New York
Whig
1850-1853
14
Franklin Pierce
New Hamp
Democratic
1853-1857
William R. King
15
James Buchanan
Penns
Democratic
1857-1861
J. C. Breckenridge
16
Abraham Lincoln
Illinois
Republican
1861-1865
Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson
17
Andrew Johnson
Tennessee
(Republican)
1865-1869
18
Ulysses S. Grant
Illinois
Republican
1869-1877
Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson
19
Rutherford B. Hayes
Ohio
Republican
1877-1881
William A. Wheeler
20
James A. Garfield
Ohio
Republican
1881-1881
Chester A. Arthur
21
Chester A. Arthur
New York
Republican
1881-1885
22
Grover Cleveland
New York
Democratic
1885-1889
Thomas A. Hendricks
23
Benjamin Harrison
Indiana
Republican
1889-1893
Levi P. Morton
24
Grover Cleveland
New York
Democratic
1893-1897
Adlai E. Stevenson
25
William McKinley
Ohio
Republican
1897-1901
Garret A. Hobart
Theodore Roosevelt
26
Theodore Roosevelt
New York
Republican
1901-1909
Charles W. Fairbanks
27
William H. Taft
Ohio
Republican
1909-1913
James S. Sherman
V--
STATES ADMITTED INTO
THE UNION
RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION
1.
Delaware
December 7, 1787
2.
Pennsylvania
December 12, 1787
3.
New Jersey
December 18, 1787
4.
Georgia
January 2, 1788
5.
Connecticut
January 9, 1788
6.
Massachusetts
February 6, 1788
7.
Maryland
April 28, 1788
8.
South Carolina
May 23, 1788
9.
New Hampshire
June 21, 1788
10.
Virginia
June 25, 1788
11.
New York
July 26, 1788
12.
North Carolina
November 21, 1789
13.
Rhode Island
May 29, 1790
ADMITTED INTO THE UNION
14.
Vermont
March 4, 1791
15.
Kentucky
June 1, 1792
16.
Tennessee
June 1, 1796
17.
Ohio
November 29, 1802
18.
Louisiana
April 30, 1812
19.
Indiana
December 11, 1816
20.
Mississippi
December 10, 1817
21.
Illinois
December 3, 1818
22.
Alabama
December 14, 1819
23.
Maine
March 15, 1820
24.
Missouri
August 10, 1821
25.
Arkansas
June 15, 1836
26.
Michigan
January 26, 1837
27.
Florida
March 3, 1845
28.
Texas
December 29, 1845
29.
Iowa
December 28, 1846
30.
Wisconsin
May 29, 1848
31.
California
September 9,
1850
32.
Minnesota
May 11, 1858
33.
Oregon
February 14, 1859
34.
Kansas
January 29, 1861
35.
West Virginia
June 19, 1863
36.
Nevada
October 31, 1864
37.
Nebraska
March 1, 1867
38.
Colorado
August 1, 1876
39.
North Dakota
November 3, 1889
40.
South Dakota
November 3, 1889
41.
Montana
November 8, 1889
42.
Washington
November 11,
1889
43.
Idaho
July 3, 1890
44.
Wyoming
July 10, 1890
45.
Utah
January 4, 1896
46.
Oklahoma
1908
47.
New
Mexico
1912
48.
Arizona
1912
VI--
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES
ACCESSION
YEAR
GROSS AREA
(SQUARE MILES)
Continental United States
3,026,789
Area
1790
892,135
Louisiana Purchase
1803
827,987
Florida Purchase
1819
58,666
Treaty with Spain
1819
13,435
Texas
1845
389,166
Oregon
1846
286,541
Mexican Cession
1848
529,189
Gadsden Purchase
1853
29,670
Outlying Possessions
716,517
Alaska
1867
590,884
Hawaii
1898
6,449
Philippine Islands
1899
115,026
Porto Rico
1899
3,435
Guam
1899
210
Samoa
1900
77
Panama Canal Zone
1904
436
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES (CONTINUED)
STATE
RANK
IN
AREA
AREA
(SQUARE
MILES)
Texas
1
265,896
California
2
158,297
Montana
3
146,997
New Mexico
4
122,634
Arizona
5
113,956
Nevada
6
110,690
Colorado
7
103,948
Wyoming
8
97,914
Oregon
9
96,699
Utah
10
84,990
Minnesota
11
84,682
Idaho
12
83,888
Kansas
13
82,158
South Dakota
14
77,615
Nebraska
15
77,520
North Dakota
16
70,837
Oklahoma
17
70,057
Missouri
18
69,420
Washington
19
69,127
Georgia
20
59,265
Florida
21
58,666
Michigan
22
57,980
Illinois
23
56,665
Iowa
24
56,147
Wisconsin
25
56,066
Arkansas
26
53,335
North Carolina
27
52,426
Alabama
28
51,998
New York
29
49,204
Louisiana
30
48,506
Mississippi
31
46,865
Pennsylvania
32
45,126
Virginia
33
42,627
Tennessee
34
42,022
Ohio
35
41,040
Kentucky
36
40,598
Indiana
37
36,354
Maine
38
33,040
South Carolina
39
30,989
West Virginia
40
24,170
Maryland
41
12,327
Vermont
42
9,564
New Hampshire
43
9,341
Massachusetts
44
8,266
New Jersey
45
8,224
Connecticut
46
4,965
Delaware
47
2,370
Rhode Island
48
1,248
District of Columbia
49
70
VII--
POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES
BY DECADES, 1790-1910
CENSUS
YEAR
NUMBER
POPULATION
INCREASE OVER
PRECEDING
CENSUS
PER CENT
INCREASE
1910
91,972,266
15,977,691
21.0
1900
75,994,575
13,046,861
20.7
1890
62,947,714
12,791,931
25.5
1880
50,155,783
11,597,412
30.1
1870
38,558,371
7,115,050
22.6
1860
31,443,321
8,251,445
35.6
1850
23,191,876
6,122,423
35.9
1840
17,069,453
4,203,433
32.7
1830
12,866,020
3,227,567
33.5
1820
9,638,453
2,398,572
33.1
1810
7,239,881
1,931,398
36.4
1800
5,308,483
1,379,269
35.1
1790
3,929,214
VIII-APPROXIMATE POPULATION
UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG, 1910
United States,
proper
91,972,266
Alaska
64,356
Hawaii
191,909
Porto
Rico
1,118,012
Persons in military and naval
service
55,608
Philippine Islands
[1903]
7,635,426
Guam
9,000
Samoa
6,100
Panama
Zone
50,000
Total population of the United States
101,102,677
IX--POPULATION OF
THE UNITED STATES 1910, 1900, AND 1890
From Bulletin of the Thirteenth Census, 1910.
Year
Per Cent of Increase
State
1910
1900
1890
Alabama
2,138,093
1,828,697
1,513,401
16.9
20.8
Arizona
204,354
122,931
88,243
66.2
39.3
Arkansas
1,574,449
1,311,564
1,128,211
20.0
16.3
California
2,377,549
1,485,053
1,213,398
60.1
22.4
Colorado
799,024
539,700
413,249
48.0
30.6
Connecticut
1,114,756
908,420
746,258
22.7
21.7
Delaware
202,322
184,735
168,493
9.5
9.6
Dist. of Columbia
331,069
278,718
230,392
18.8
21.0
Florida
752,619
528,542
391,422
42.4
35.0
Georgia
2,609,121
2,216,331
1,837,353
17.7
20.6
Idaho
325,594
161,772
88,548
101.3
82.7
Illinois
5,638,591
4,821,550
3,826,352
16.9
26.0
Indiana
2,700,876
2,516.462
2,192,404
7.3
14.8
Iowa
2,224,771
2,231,853
1,912,297
-0.3
16.7
Kansas
1,690,949
1,470,495
1,428,108
15.0
3.0
Kentucky
2,289,905
2,147,174
1,858,635
6.6
15.5
Louisiana
1,656,388
1,381,625
1,118,588
19.9
23.5
Maine
742,371
694,466
661,086
6.9
5.0
Maryland
1,295,346
1,188,044
1,042,390
9.0
14.0
Massachusetts
3,366,416
2,805,346
2,238,947
20.0
25.3
Michigan
2,810,l73
2,420.982
2,093,890
16.1
15.6
Minnesota
2,075,708
1,751,394
1,310,283
18.5
33.7
Mississippi
1,797,114
1,551,270
1,289,600
15.8
20.3
Missouri
3,293,335
3,106,665
2,679,185
6.0
16.0
Montana
376,053
243,329
142,924
54.5
70.3
Nebraska
1,192,214
1,066,300
1,062,656
11.8
0.3
Nevada
81,875
42,335
47,355
93.
-10.6
New Hampshire
430,572
411,588
376,530
4.6
9.3
New Jersey
2,537,167
1,883,669
1,444,933
34.7
30.4
New Mexico
327,301
195,310
160,282
67.6
21.9
New York
9,113,614
7,268,894
6,003,174
25.4
21.1
North Carolina
2,206,287
l,893,810
1,617,949
16.5
17.1
North Dakota
577,056
319,146
190,983
80.8
67.1
Ohio
4,767,121
4,157,545
3,672,329
14.7
13.2
Oklahoma
1,657,155
1,414,177
790,391
17.2
109.7
Oregon
672,765
413,536
317,704
62.7
30.2
Pennsylvania
7,665,111
6,302,115
5,258,113
21.6
19.9
Rhode Island
542,610
428,556
345,506
26.6
24.0
South Carolina
1,515,400
1,340,316
1,151,149
13.1
16.4
South Dakota
583,888
401,570
348,600
45.4
15.2
Tennessee
2,184,789
2,020,616
1,767,518
8.1
14.3
Texas
3,896,542
3,048,710
2,235,527
27.8
36.4
Utah
373,351
276,749
210,779
34.9
31.3
Vermont
355,956
343,641
332,422
3.6
3.4
Virginia
2,061,612
1,854,184
1,655,980
11.2
12.0
Washington
1,141,990
518,103
357,232
120.4
45.0
West Virginia
1,221,119
958,800
762,794
27.4
25.7
Wisconsin
2,333,860
2,069,042
1,693,330
12.8
22.2
Wyoming
145,965
92,531
62,555
57.7
47.9
X--NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE HOUSE
OF REPRESENTATIVES AFTER EACH
APPORTIONMENT
Year
1910
1900
1890
1880
1870
1860
1850
1840
1830
1820
1810
1800
1790
1780
Ratio
212,877
194,182
173,901
151,.911
131,425
127,381
93,423
70,680
47,700
40,000
35,000
33,000
33,000
30,000
Total under
apportionment
433
386
356
325
292
241
234
223
240
213
181
141
105
65
Assigned
new
States
2
5
1
7
1
2
3
9
2
---
5
1
1
Alabama
10
9
9
8
8
6
7
7
5
3
Arizona
1
Arkansas
7
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
California
11
8
7
6
4
3
2
2
Colorado
4
3
2
1
1
Connecticut
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
7
7
7
5
Delaware
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Florida
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
Georgia
12
11
11
10
9
7
8
8
9
7
6
4
2
3
Idaho
2
1
1
1
Illinois
27
25
22
20
19
14
9
7
3
1
1
Indiana
13
13
13
13
13
11
11
10
7
3
1
Iowa
11
11
11
11
9
6
2
2
Kansas
8
8
8
7
3
1
Kentucky
11
11
11
11
10
9
10
10
13
12
10
6
2
Louisiana
8
7
6
6
6
5
4
4
3
3
1
Maine
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
8
7
7
Maryland
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
6
8
9
9
9
8
6
Massachusetts
16
14
13
12
11
10
11
10
12
13
13
17
14
8
Michigan
13
12
12
11
9
6
4
3
1
Minnesota
10
9
7
5
3
2
2
Mississippi
8
8
7
7
6
5
5
4
2
1
1
Missouri
16
16
15
14
13
9
7
5
2
1
Montana
2
1
1
1
Nebraska
6
6
6
3
1
1
Nevada
1
1
1
1
1
1
New Hampshire
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
5
6
6
5
4
3
New Jersey
12
10
8
7
7
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
4
New Mexico
1
New York
43
37
34
34
33
31
33
34
40
34
27
17
10
6
North Carolina
10
10
9
9
8
7
8
9
13
13
14
12
10
5
North Dakota
3
2
1
1
Ohio
22
21
21
21
20
19
21
21
19
14
6
1
Oklahoma
8
5
Oregon
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
Pennsylvania
36
32
30
28
27
24
25
24
28
26
23
18
13
8
Rhode Island
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
South Carolina
7
7
7
7
5
4
6
7
9
9
9
8
6
5
South Dakota
3
2
2
2
Tennessee
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
11
13
9
6
3
1
Texas
18
16
13
11
6
4
2
2
Utah
2
1
1
Vermont
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
5
5
6
4
2
Virginia
10
10
10
10
9
11
13
15
21
22
23
22
19
Washington
5
3
2
1
West Virginia
6
5
4
4
3
Wisconsin
11
11
10
9
8
6
3
2
Wyoming
1
1
1
1
XI--POPULATION LIVING IN
URBAN AND RURAL TERRITORY 1890-1910.
URBAN TERRITORY INCLUDES CITIES OF 2,500 OR OVER
1910
1900
1890
Per Cent
CLASSIFICATION
Number
of places
Population
Number
of places
Population
Number
of places
Population
1910
1900
1890
Total
population
91,972,266
75,994,575
62,947,714
100.0
100.0
100.0
Urban territory
2,405
42,623,383
1,894
30,797,185
1,510
22,720,223
46.3
40.6
36.1
1,000,000 or more
3
8,501,174
3
6,429,474
3
3,662,115
9.2
8.5
5.8
500,000 to 1,000,000
5
3,010,667
3
1,645,087
1
806,343
3.3
2.2
1.3
250,000 to 500,000
11
3,949,839
9
2,861,296
7
2,447,608
4.3
3.8
3.9
100,000 to 250,000
31
4,840,458
23
3,272,490
17
2,781,894
5.3
4.3
4.4
50,000 to 100,000
59
4,178,915
41
2,760,477
30
2,027,569
4.5
3.6
3.2
25,000 to 50,000
120
4,062,763
82
2,785,667
67
2,298,765
4.4
3.7
3.7
10,000 to 25,000
374
5,609,208
286
4,409,900
232
3,487,139
6.1
5.8
5.5
5,000 to 10,000
629
4,364,703
477
3,278,518
361
2,495,594
4.7
4.3
4.0
2,500 to 5,000
1,173
4,105,656
970
3,354,276
792
2,713,196
4.5
4.4
4.3
Rural
territory
49,348,883
45,197,390
40,227,491
53.7
59.5
63.9
Incorporated towns
of less than 2,500
inhabitants
11,784
8,119,528
8,892
6,247,645
6,466
4,719,835
8.8
8.2
7.5
Other rural territory
41,229,355
38,949,745
35,507,656
44.8
51.3
56.4
XII--TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST
CITIES FROM 1880 TO 1910.
ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR RANK
1910
1900
1890
1880
Rank
City
Population
City
Population
City
Population
City
Population
1
New York
4,766,883
New
York
3,437,202
New
York
1,515,301
New
York
1,206,299
2
Chicago
2,185,283
Chicago
1,698,575
Chicago
1,099,850
Philadelphia
847,170
3
Philadelphia
1,549,008
Philadelphia
1,293,697
Philadelphia
1,046,964
Brooklyn
566,663
4
St. Louis
687,029
St.
Louis
575,238
Brooklyn
806,343
Chicago
503,185
5
Boston
670,585
Boston
560,892
St. Louis
451,770
Boston
362,839
6
Cleveland
560,663
Baltimore
508,957
Boston
448,477
St. Louis
350,518
7
Baltimore
558,485
Cleveland
381,768
Baltimore
434,439
Baltimore
332,313
8
Pittsburgh
533,905
Buffalo
352,387
San
Francisco
298,997
Cincinnati
255,139
9
Detroit
465,766
San Francisco
342,782
Cincinnati
296,908
San Francisco
233,959
10
Buffalo
423,715
Cincinnati
325,902
Cleveland
261,353
New
Orleans
216,090
11
San Francisco
416,912
Pittsburgh
321,616
Buffalo
255,664
Washington
177,624
12
Milwaukee
373,857
New
Orleans
287,104
New Orleans
242,039
Cleveland
160,146
13
Cincinnati
363,591
Detroit
285,704
Pittsburgh
238,617
Pittsburgh
156,389
14
Newark
347,469
Milwaukee
285,315
Washington
230,392
Buffalo
155,134
15
New Orleans
339,075
Washington
278,718
Detroit
205,876
Newark
136,508
16
Washington
331,069
Newark
246,070
Milwaukee
204,468
Louisville
123,758
17
Los Angeles
319,198
Jersey
City
206,433
Newark
181,830
Jersey City
120,722
18
Minneapolis
301,408
Louisville
204,731
Minneapolis
164,738
Detroit
116,340
19
Jersey City
267,779
Minneapolis
202,718
Jersey
City
163,003
Milwaukee
115,587
20
Kansas City
248,381
Providence
175,597
Louisville
161,129
Providence
104,857
21
Seattle
237,194
Indianapolis
169,164
Omaha
140,452
Albany
90,758
22
Indianapolis
233,650
Kansas
City
163,752
Rochester
133,896
Rochester
89,366
23
Providence
224,326
St.
Paul
163,065
St.
Paul
133,156
Allegheny
78,682
24
Louisville
223,928
Rochester
162,608
Kansas
City
132,716
Indianapolis
75,056
25
Rochester
218,149
Denver
133,859
Providence
132,146
Richmond
63,600
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